从《天回医简》看汉晋医经的编撰

Compilation of Medical Classics in Han and Jin Dynasties from Tianhui Medical Bamboo Manuscripts(《天回医简》)

孔子删定六经为中国经学之初创时期,医学之有经,源于六经。三代以至春秋战国,祭祀文化在相当长一个时期是主流的文化,经学产生之前,有事要问卜;三代以后,诸如易、诗、书、礼、乐、春秋各类学问的形成,主流文化发生转移,有事不再问卜。中国的各种学问,乃王官之守;经与经学的确立,出于王官;经学的传播,依赖经师。医经的发生,出于战国,广见于西汉。战国至西汉,传播医经的有长桑君、扁鹊(秦越人)、公乘阳庆、淳于意等。西汉刘向等奉诏整理国家图书,设“医经”为一大类,有黄帝、扁鹊、白氏三家。医经的确立,标志着医走出了巫的时代,传授医经的经师,有了解释生命与疾病的话语权。自西汉始,形成了医经之学。本文讨论了从西汉到西晋、即从《脉书》到《脉经》六种医经的编撰简史,意在从医经编撰的角度,拾补对医经的理解。

Confucius edited the six classics in the early period of Chinese classics,the medical classics originated from the six classics.From the Three Dynasties to the Spring and Autumn Period,sacrificial culture was the mainstream culture for a long time.Before the creation of classics,divination was used for certain matters.After the Three Dynasties,with the formation of various types of learning,such as The Book of Changes(《易》),Poetry(《诗》),Documents(《书》),Rites(《易》),Music(《乐》),and The Spring and Autumn Annals(《春秋》),the mainstream culture shifted,and divination was no longer used.All kinds of learning in China were kept by the king's officials.The establishment of classics and study of Confucian classics was from the king's officials.The spread of classics depended on the classics teachers.The occurrence of medical classics was from the Warring States Period and widely seen in the Western Han Dynasty.From the Warring States Period to the Western Han Dynasty,the dissemination of medical classics was Changsang Jun,Bian Que(Qin Yueren),Gongcheng Yangqing,Chun Yuyi,etc.In the Western Han Dynasty,Liu Xiang and others were ordered to sort out the national books and set"medical classics"as a major category,including Huang Di,Bian Que,and Bai Shi.The establishment of medical classics marked the end of the era of witchcraft.The classics teachers who taught medical classics had the right to explain life and disease.Since the Western Han Dynasty,the study of medical classics has been formed.This paper discusses the brief history of the compilation of six kinds of medical classics from the Western Han Dynasty to the Western Jin Dynasty,namely,from Maishu(《脉书》)to Maijing(《脉经》),with the intention of improving the understanding of medical classics from the perspective of the compilation of medical classics.