马克思的“自然”概念及其生态学意蕴

The Concept of“Nature”in Marx and Its Ecological Implications

“自然”概念在马克思那里有着不同的含义,即受费尔巴哈影响下的合乎人性的自然思想,这是带有哲学浪漫主义意味的自然;先在性的自然思想,从中可以理解人的活动的有限性;人化自然,在生产逻辑与资本逻辑的不同维度具有不同的意蕴;作为外在强制力的自然,主要指资本主义社会对人与自然的强制性,这是一种“似自然性”意义上的自然。这些不同的自然思想,对后来的马克思主义生态学产生了重大影响,形成了三种不同的理论逻辑。

The concept of nature in Marx has different meanings:namely,a humanistic natural philosophy influenced by Feuerbach,imbued with a sense of philosophical romanticism;a priori natural philosophy that helps understand the limitations of human activities;the humanized nature,with varying implications in the different dimensions of production logic and capital logic;and nature as an external coercive force,primarily referring to the coerciveness of capitalist society on the relationship between humans and nature,representing a sense of“the Semblance of nature”.These diverse conceptions of nature have had a profound impact on later Marxist ecology,giving rise to three distinct theoretical logics.