《尼山萨满》的死亡叙事与善恶报应观

The Narrative of Death and the Retributive View of Good and Evil in Nishan Shaman

《尼山萨满传》是尼山萨满传说满文影印、译注、口承版本的汇编。它以一位少年之死为核心,讲述尼山萨满寻阴招魂复活少年的故事。《尼山萨满》的死亡叙事展现了萨满文化在尊重自然常识的基础上,秉持着善恶有报以及真善美统一的朴素道德观,呈现出自然情感与道德观念的天然融合。在善恶报应观上,《尼山萨满》并非将因果链条与善恶报应直接简单地对应。少年之死、萨满丈夫永世不得投生后诬告萨满成功,以及尼山萨满本人的死亡,是对善恶因果报应原则的三次打破。而在三次死亡发生后,萨满为复活少年寻阴招魂、主动施法普济世人,以及民众为萨满请愿传承萨满文化,这表现得是人们对善恶因果报应原则的三次主动建构。

The Biography of Nishan Shaman is a compilation of Manchu photocopies,translations,and oral versions of the Nishan Shaman legend.It revolved around the death of a young man and told the story of a Nishan shaman searching for the hell,summoning souls,and resurrecting him.The death narrative of"Nishan Shaman"showcased the shaman culture,based on respecting natural knowledge,adhering to the simple moral concept of retribution for good and evil,as well as the unity of truth,goodness,and beauty,presenting a natural fusion of natural emotions and moral concepts.In terms of the concept of good and evil retribution,"Nishan Shaman"did not simply correspond the causal chain with good and evil retribution.The death of a young man,the false accusation of a shaman's success after his husband was never allowed to reincarnate,and the death of the Nishan shaman themselves were three breakthroughs in the principle of retribution for good and evil.But the story did not end here.After three deaths,the shaman searched for souls for the resurrected youth,actively cast spells to help the world,and the people petitioned for the shaman to inherit shaman culture.This reflected the three active constructions of the principle of retribution for good and evil.