入关前的农耕组织:拖克索

Farming organization before entry:Tokso

在八旗制度和旗人群体研究中,农耕人群与社会一直是相对薄弱的领域。作为半渔猎、半农耕民族,女真人对土地的态度与蒙古等游牧民族迥然有别。明代初年,原散居于松花江、黑龙江地区的许多女真人群逐渐南迁,与明朝和朝鲜等农业地区的联系日益频繁密切,农业耕种的比重明显增加。其中,建州女真的农业生产发展较快,对其社会结构影响较大。满文史料记载了后金时期建州女真的农耕组织“拖克索”tokso“庄”,显示出八旗系统中农业生产的产生缘脉。拖克索的某些特点直接决定了入关后皇庄、王庄、八旗官庄,以及八旗农业生产和农耕人群的基本性质。回溯后金时期的拖克索,对于认识入关后八旗庄园制度的发展具有重要意义。

In the study of the eight banner system and banner group,farming people and society was a relatively weak field.As a semi-fishing and hunting,semi-farming people,the attitude of the Jurchen people to the land was very different from that of the Mongolian nomads.In the early Ming Dynasty,many Jurchen tribes scattered in Songhua River and Heilongjiang gradually moved to the south,and had increasingly frequent and close contacts with agricultural areas such as Ming Dynasty and Korea,and the proportion of agricultural cultivation increased significantly.Among them,the rapid development of agricultural production in Jianzhou Nuzhen had a greater impact on its social structure.The Manchu historical profiles recorded the tokso farming organization"Zhuang"in Jianzhou Nuzhen in late Jin period,showing the agricultural production in the eight banner system.Some characteristics of tokso directly determined the basic nature of Huangzhuang,Wangzhuang,eight banners,eight banner agricultural production and farming population.Looking back to tokso in late Jin period is of great significance for understanding the development of the eight banner manor system after entering the Shanhaiguan.