早期中国嫡庶之分与宗法制度形成--基于王国维《殷周制度论》的哲学反思

The Difference of Di-Shu System and the Formation of Patriarchal System in Early China:Philosophical Review Based on Wang Guowei's On System of Shang and Zhou Dynasties

王国维《殷周制度论》指出,立子立嫡之制是周人对殷商“兄终弟及”王位继承制度的突破和创新。天子在众多公子中选拔接班人,难免任意性、随机性,容易导致祸乱事变。周政的特点是让政治道德化,让道德政治化,使血亲社会化,使社会宗法化。血缘关系是生来如此而并非后天人力所为。把血缘关系上升到一种天定法则的高度予以确认,等于在为“亲亲”之制建构可靠根基。以嫡系长房、长孙为大宗,血缘正统可靠,是“百世不迁之宗”,秉承先祖恩德最隆最多;而以庶子系统、旁支所出为小宗,是先祖余泽播撒。“五世而迁之宗”要求小宗超过五世则剔出丧服范围。“大宗维翰”而具有核心地位,“宗子维城”则能够起到拱卫、守护作用。对别子小宗和别子大宗强调尊过去的祖,无疑是变相要求他们尊现在的王。依据亲亲尊尊法则所建构出的宗法社会,以一种向内挖掘亲和力而不是向外诉诸神力的形上方式,来实现一种具有儒家鲜明特色的王道普遍性。

Basing on research to Wang Guowei’s famous book On System of Shang and Zhou Dynasties,we can say that Zhougong(周公)set up a system,which makes the son of King’s first wife(嫡,Di)as the kingship’s successor rather than the system of making the younger brother replacing his old brother.This is Zhou dynasty’s great rule-innovation.Zhou dynasty has made politics moralization,meanwhile made morality politicized;so that made the blood relation socialization,as well made the society patriarchalization.The Blood relation can be ascend to a kind of heaven law,which can fix the love-kinship system’s(亲亲)basis.Zhou dynasty Kings treat the eldest branch of direct descent line as bulk(大宗),tie of blood is legitimacy and reliable,which takes max progenitor’s kindness;the son of multitudinous or who comes from collateral branch(庶,Shu)just as litter sect(小宗).The bulk is core,and the litter sect must guard it and respect their ancestor.This also means respecting the present king.Patriarchal society,which construct according to the love-kingship and respect their senior(尊尊)rule,excavate human’s inner appetency instead of resorts to the external super strength.