景观—社会学视角下的北京高密度城区儿童游戏专属和发现空间

Children’s Constructed and Found Play Spaces in High-Density Areas of Beijing:A Landscape-Sociology Perspective

【目的】在任何地方进行游戏是儿童的天性。以北京中心城区高密度城市环境为例,深入探究儿童如何创造性地使用城市户外公共空间。【方法】从景观—社会学视角,通过半构建访谈、照片访谈和行为观察等方法收集儿童户外活动空间数据。【结果】将儿童使用的多样户外空间分为专属空间和发现空间,以及介于两者之间的灵活空间3种类别。深入探究不同类别的活动空间的特点发现,配置有固定游戏设备的儿童专属游乐场所提供的游戏机会单一,无法满足全龄儿童进行多样户外游戏的需求,但专属空间为儿童提供了最为正式且相对安全的游戏环境;儿童广泛使用的灵活空间,如广场和可进入的绿地,其开放性为更为广泛的年龄群体提供了可供奔跑、跳跃和骑车等高强度活动的机会,但营造公平且友好的共享公共环境是灵活空间面临的挑战;发现空间的设计初衷并非为儿童使用,因此儿童在使用这类空间的过程中普遍存在潜在安全隐患。【结论】针对高密度城市环境中有限的公共空间提出了更加包容且儿童友好的营造方式以及优化设计建议,期望为提升高密度城市公共空间服务效能、实现城市可持续发展提供一定科学参考。

[Objective]Children have the innate ability to play almost anywhere.This study delves into how children creatively adapt to various urban outdoor play spaces in the high-density areas of Beijing.[Methods]Using the lens of landscape sociology,the research conducted a case study in the Shichahai area,employing data collection methods such as interviews,photo-voice,and behavior mappings to collect data about children’s daily use of outdoor environments.[Results]Based on the field research data,children's frequently used outdoor spaces can be classified into three types which are constructed,flexible and found spaces.Multiple lines of evidence point to the fact that constructed playgrounds with fixed equipment,though often criticized for constraining older children’s play opportunities,provide a structured and secure environment.However,safety concerns arise when children utilize adult exercise equipment inappropriately.These playgrounds are typically located in gated residential areas or central urban parks.Conversely,parks often feature rubber carpet playgrounds that younger children favor.Flexible spaces,such as squares and accessible green spaces,serve a wide age range due to their open design,accommodating highly physical activities like running,jumping,and cycling.Nevertheless,ensuring conflict-free access for children presents a challenge.Found spaces,while not originally intended for children,are frequently utilized despite potential safety risks,particularly in areas like car parking lots and vehicle access pavements.[Conclusion]Based on the research results,several recommendations are proposed.These suggestions aim to help urban areas cater to the diverse play needs of children,promote physical activity,support cognitive development,and create a safer and more engaging outdoor environment for all residents.