启蒙运动时期欧洲农业发展与高等教育回应

European Agricultural Development and the Response of Higher Education During the Enlightenment

启蒙运动是欧洲继文艺复兴后又一次思想解放运动,它深刻地影响了文化、政治、经济、法律等各个领域,进而推动了整个欧洲的历史进程。此期,欧洲农业正在发生巨大变革,在农业革命、科学革命和第一次产业革命的推动下,提升了农业科技,成立了农业社团。在此背景下,欧洲的高等教育发生了重大变革,农业与高等教育出现了第一次对话;各类经济实用学科正式纳入高等教育范畴。大学也开始摆脱传统教育体制的束缚,部分机构主动开展农科教育,但这种教育的深度和广度是有限的。为适应农业发展的需求,在大学之外,又创办了专门的高等农业教育机构,主要包括专门的农学院、兽医学院和林业学院等。但是处于萌芽期的高等农业教育(含林业和兽医),整体表现出对农业发展回应度低、单科性、教学型、公立性和职业性等特征。尽管如此,这场深刻的变化仍然表征出高等教育与经济社会发展的互作关系。

The Enlightenment was another ideological liberation movement in Europe after the Renaissance,deeply affecting various fields and promoting the historical process of the entire Europe.During this period,Europe's agriculture was undergoing significant changes.Driven by the agricultural revolution,scientific revolution,and the first industrial revolution,agricultural technology had been improved and agricultural societies have been established.In this context,significant changes had taken place in higher education in Europe,with practical disciplines including agriculture beginning to be included in the scope of higher education,and the first dialogue between agriculture and higher education has been launched.Universities had also begun to break free from the constraints of traditional education systems,and some institutions had begun to actively carry out agricultural education,but the depth and breadth of this education are limited.To meet the needs of agricultural development,specialized higher agricultural education institutions had been established outside universities,mainly including specialized agricultural colleges,veterinary colleges,and forestry colleges.Higher agricultural education(including forestry and veterinary medicine),which was in its infancy,generally exhibits characteristics such as low responsiveness to agricultural development,single subject nature,teaching style,publicity,and professionalism.Nevertheless,it has had a profound historical impact,characterizing the interactive relationship between higher education and economic and social development.