论捐赠诈骗财产损失的认定问题

Research on the Identification of Donation Fraud Property Loss

捐赠诈骗是近年来高发的诈骗犯罪类型,尤其是通过移动互联网等新兴平台发布慈善募捐信息进行诈骗的案件更是屡见不鲜。对于捐赠诈骗行为可否以诈骗罪论处,学界存在不同观点,问题的关键在于是否应要求被害人意识到自己的财产处分行为将产生财产损失的后果。因此,捐赠诈骗可罚性在于如何准确认定诈骗罪的财产损失。实践中发生的捐赠诈骗案件包括“对价型”和“非对价型”两类,需要分别讨论财产损失的认定标准和路径。在“非对价型”捐赠诈骗案件中,可直接采取“目的失败理论”认定财产损失;在“对价型”捐赠诈骗案件中,应采用梯次判断方法,进行双层次的检验,即首先进行对价关系的判断,当此关系不平衡时再进行客观目的的认定。

Donation fraud is a type of fraud crime with high incidence in recent years,especially the case of issuing charity fundraising information through emerging platforms such as mobile Internet is more common.There are different views on whether donation fraud can be treated as fraud.The key to the problem is whether the victim should be required to realize that his property disposal will result in property loss.Therefore,the penalty of donation fraud lies in how to accurately identify the property loss of fraud.The cases of donation fraud in practice include"consideration type"and"non-consideration type",which need to discuss the identification standard and path of property loss respectively.In the"non-consideration type"donation fraud case,the"purpose failure theory"can be directly adopted to identify the property loss;In the case of"consideration type"donation fraud,the method of echelon judgment should be adopted to carry out two-level test,that is,the judgment of the consideration relationship should be carried out first,and the objective purpose should be identified when the relationship is unbalanced.