南昌方言时体语气词“着”先行义再解

Re-interpretation of the Antecedent Meaning of Tense-Aspect Particle“着”in Nanchang Dialect

表示“(以后)再V”的先行义“着”在汉语方言中地理分布较广,主要出现在北方方言区及湘语、赣语为代表的部分南方方言区。先行义“着”既是先行体标记,又是句末语气词,属于时体语气词。考察发现,时体意义上,“着”表先期实现,相比于先行体标记“起”,“着”的先行义具有相对性;固定搭配上,“再着”为后起的习惯用语,可与“先、等”构成框式结构;语气功能上,祈使语境下加深语气,产生执意义,并排斥副词“先、再”。根据是否依赖语境、是否单一事件、是否指向将来、“着”是否重读的四条标准可区分先行义与执意义。“着”的语义演变链可进一步细化为:祈使义助词→先时义助词→执意义助词→临时表威胁义语气助词。

“着”,meaning“to V(later)”,is geographically distributed among Chinese dialects,including northern dialect areas and some southern dialect areas represented by Xiang and Gan Dialect.It is both an antecedent marker and an end-of-sentence particle,which belongs to the tense-aspect particle.It is found that,in terms of tense,“着”indicates prior realization,and compared with the antecedent marker“起”,the antecedent meaning of“着”is relative;in terms of collocation,“再着”is the subsequent marker,which can form a frame structure with“先”and“等”;in terms of intonation,it deepens the intonation in the imperative mood with the tone of persistent and rejects the adverbs“先”and“再”.Four criteria help to distinguish the sense of antecedent meaning and the meaning of persistence,which are:is it context-dependent?Is it a single event?Is it future-oriented?and is it stressed in pronunciation?In this study,the semantic evolution chain of“着”is further refined into:imperative auxiliary→antecedent auxiliary→persistence auxiliary→temporary auxiliary with sense of threatening.