铁路客车非金属材料VOCs释放规律试验研究

Experimental Study on Emission Law of VOCs from Non-metallic Materials for Railway Passenger Trains

为了研究温度对铁路客车典型非金属材料中挥发性有机化合物释放量的影响,基于多气固比法和数据拟合法,对典型非金属材料(重防腐涂料、地板布、玻璃纤维增强塑料)的挥发性有机化合物释放规律进行了试验研究.首先,分别测量了4种不同气固比条件下的挥发性有机化合物浓度,得到挥发性有机化合物释放关键参数(初始可散发浓度和分配系数);然后,结合车辆工艺和运用场景,研究不同温度对挥发性有机化合物释放规律的影响.研究结果表明:材质的物理化学性能和温度是影响挥发性有机化合物释放特性的重要因素;温度从16℃升高至55℃,苯系物和醛类散发浓度均呈减小的趋势,重防腐涂料的初始可散发浓度减小为1.8%,其分配系数减小,地板布和玻璃钢的初始可散发浓度减小至0.3%以下,地板布的分配系数增大,玻璃钢的分配系数减小;苯系物是挥发性有机化合物的主要成分,其中以苯乙烯占比最大,甲苯、乙苯以及二甲苯占比排序规律不明显,并且未检测出苯;在铁道车辆烘焙法环保净化处理时,建议重防腐涂料的烘焙温度不小于55℃,地板布和玻璃钢的烘焙温度不小于45℃.

In order to study the effect of the temperature on the emission of volatile organic compounds(VOCs)from typical non-metallic materials(heavy anti-corrosion coatings,floor covering,and glassfiber reinforced plastics)for railway passenger trains,tests were carried out to analyze the emission law of VOCs based on multigas-solid ratio method and data fitting method.First,the concentrations of VOCs under four different gas-solid ratios were measured,and key parameters(initial emittable concentration and diffusion coefficient)influencing the emission of VOCs were obtained.Then,with the help of vehicle manufacturing technology and application scenarios,the effect of different temperatures on the emission law of VOCs was studied.The results show that the physical and chemical properties of the materials and the temperature greatly affect the emission of VOCs.When the temperature rises from 16 to 55℃,the concentrations of benzene compounds and aldehydes decrease;the initial emittable concentration of heavy anti-corrosion coatings is decreased to 1.8%,and its diffusion coefficient is decreased.At the same time,the initial emittable concentrations of both floor covering and glassfiber reinforced plastics are decreased to less than 0.3%;the diffusion coefficient of floor covering is increased,while that of glassfiber reinforced plastics is decreased.Benzene compounds are the main components of VOCs,in which the styrene accounts for the largest proportion,and the ranking rule of toluene,ethylbenzene,and xylene is not obvious.Meanwhile,the benzene is not detected in the test.In the baking process of railway trains for environmental protection,it is suggested that the baking temperature of heavy anti-corrosion coatings should not be less than 55℃,and that of floor covering and glassfiber reinforced plastics should not be less than 45℃.