论应激防卫的限度判断和风险配置

On the Limit Range and Risk Allocation of Stress-induced Defense

在“应激防卫”中,对防卫限度的判断无法忽略个体行为有限理性这一现实基础,需考量防卫人面临不法侵害时的紧迫状态与应激情绪。防卫人在应激状态下,因意识狭窄、行动受限,对不法侵害的危险程度易产生错误判断,或做出不当反击,最终导致重大损害的产生。鉴于现实困境与理论需要,应就应激防卫问题进行充分讨论。对于应激状态下防卫限度的判断,应当将视角从“权利——权利”关系转向“权力——权利”关系。至于应激防卫风险配置的选择,则应由不法侵害人承担应激防卫的风险。因为应激状态下防卫人履行查明和控制义务的能力存在局限,且防卫人陷入应激状态也主要归咎于不法侵害人本人,若苛求防卫人对丧失理性的行为后果负责,往往会导致刑法漏洞。

Regarding“stress-induced defense”,the judgment of the limit of defense cannot ignore the limited rationality of individual behavior,and should consider the urgent state and emotional stress of the defender when confronted with unlawful attack.Due to narrow consciousness and limited action,the defender is prone to misjudge the dangerousness of such attack,or make improper counterattack,which finally leads to great damage.In view of the practical predicament and the theoretical need,the problem of stress-induced defense should be fully discussed.To judge the limit of stress-induced defense,we should change the perspective from“right-right”relationship to“power-right”relationship.As for the choice of risk allocation of stress-induced defense,the wrongdoer should bear the risk of the defense.The limitation of the defender s ability to perform the duty of identification and control under stress is mainly attributed to the wrongdoer.If the defender is excessively held responsible for the consequence of losing rationality,it will lead to the loophole of the criminal law.