德国工业化时代工人住房从工厂“福利”迈向社会福利的历史考察

A Historical Examination of Worker Housing in the Era of German Industrialization from Factories’“Care”to Social Welfare

工人住房问题是德意志帝国主要的社会问题之一。一些大型工矿企业从19世纪中叶起就在新兴工业地区兴建被称为“工人住房”的员工定居点,分为自有产权住房和租赁房两种类型。企业主试图以住房为媒介,将劳动分工与工人家庭生活相结合,为本企业创造稳定的劳动力队伍,以此增强企业竞争力、提高收益。与此同时,解决工厂住房问题也间接成为践行社会改革者的理念,将工人纳入由企业所编织的社会控制网络,成为稳定社会秩序的重要手段。因此,工厂住房的生产与控制的属性远大于它的福利属性,再加上工厂住房建设和应用的局限性,使得它并未在全德范围内铺开,最终被地方政府主导的公共住房政策所取代。

The housing problem of workers was one of the main social problems in the German Empire.Since the mid-19th century,some large industrial and mining enterprises have been building“Werkwohnung”for their employees,similar to rural settlements in emerging industrial areas.There were two main types of worker housing in German Empire:worker-owned housing and rented housing.Industrialists attempted to use housing as a medium to combine the division of labor with family life to create a stable workforce for the company,thereby increasing their competitiveness and profits.At the same time,factory housing indirectly became a practitioner of social reform.The concept of incorporating workers into the social control network established by enterprises was an important means of stabilizing social order.Therefore,the production attribute of factory housing was greater than its welfare attribute.Because of this attribute and the limitations in the construction and use of factory housing,factory“housing care”did not spread throughout Germany and was eventually replaced by public housing policy led by the local government.