“迁固史法”:宋元史笔文法理论之宗及其流衍——兼谈班马优劣论

Add to Favorite“Qian-Gu Shifa”:The Zong and Evolvement of Grammar Theory of History and Literature in Song and Yuan Dynasties:With a Further Discussion on the Pros and Cons of Ban Gu and Sima Qian

宋前研究者们多将史汉作为史书来解读,迁固史法理论还仅停留在史笔论上。随着对迁固叙事笔法论探讨的不断深入,宋元学者对迁固文章结构法度的认识更为鞭辟向里,纷纷对史汉字法、句法、章法等予以显微阐幽。自宋元时期“迁固史法”“韩柳文法祖《史记》”等术语正式提出后,《史记》《汉书》遂成为古文家指导写作、读书方法的蓝本,上溯迁固下延韩柳的学文路径几成学文定法。而宋元班马异同专著的出现,也使宋前班马优劣论逐渐转向班马文章书写的比勘对照,由此产生了班马并提论乃至班马得失互见论。从实录到叙事,从史笔到文法,从笔法到风神,“迁固史法”肇始于宋前史学泛概念,至宋元正式成为文法术语,明清时期实现文法践履与更张,揭橥了迁固史笔文法理论在文学史上的奠基期、发展期、定型期乃至升华期。

Before the Song Dynasty,researchers mostly interpreted Shihchi and Hanshu as historical books,but the theory of the“Qian-Gu Shifa”(the historical writing style of Sima Qian and Ban Gu)only focused on the theory of the historical writing.With the deepening of the theory of Qian Gu's narrative writing,scholars in Song and Yuan Dynasties explored the structure of Sima Qian and Ban Gu's articles further,and elaborated the history of Chinese vocabulary,syntax,discourse and so on.Since the terms such as“Qian-Gu Shifa”and“Han-Liu Wenfa Zu Shihchi”were formally put forward in the Song and Yuan dynasties,Shihchi and Hanshu have since become the blueprint for the ancient writers to guide the writing and reading methods.Consequently,the learning method of Han and Liu became the final learning method.The emergence of the monograph of similarities and differences of Sima Qian and Ban Gu in the Song and Yuan dynasties also made the theory of Pros and Cons of Sima Qian and Ban Gu gradually turn to the comparison of articles written by the two historians,resulting in the theory of Ban-Ma(Ban Gu and Sima Qian)and even the mutual theory of the gains and losses of Ban-Ma.From record to narration,from historical writing to grammar,and from writing to fengshen(styles and spirits),“Qian-Gu Shifa”,which first occurred in the general concept of historiography before the Song dynasty,was extended in the Song and Yuan dynasties and officially became a grammar term in the practice and expansion of the grammar in Ming and Qing dynasties.It reveals the theoretical foundation period,development period,finalization period and even sublimation period of“Qian-Gu Shifa”in the history of literature.