水稻快速育种技术的研究进展

Research Progress of Speed Breeding Technology in Rice(Oryza sativa L.)

水稻是我国最重要的粮食作物之一,在保障粮食安全方面发挥着主力军作用。得益于科技发展尤其是水稻育种科技的进步,自水稻矮化育种和杂交水稻的大面积应用以来,我国水稻单产先后实现了两次质的飞跃。新时期消费者对水稻品种和稻米产品的需求越来越多元化,当前的水稻育种效率仍不够理想,难以满足未来需求。作为自花授粉作物,水稻在育种过程中的杂交分离世代需要经过多代连续自交才能实现性状的纯合稳定。然而,大田环境下水稻生长周期长、难以进行周年种植,导致水稻育种周期长,成为水稻育种的瓶颈之一。快速育种(Speed breeding)技术是近年来兴起的通过环境调节和生长调控等综合措施促进作物生长、开花和成熟从而加快作物世代进程的新技术,可以缩短从种子到种子的繁育周期,实现一年多代繁育,有望显著缩短育种年限、提升育种效率。本文以水稻为重点,从作物快速育种技术的兴起、水稻快速育种的研究概况、水稻快速育种中的关键基因、影响水稻繁育周期的环境因素、快速育种与现代育种技术的融合等方面,系统梳理水稻快速育种的研究现状和进展,并对该领域研究面临的挑战及今后的重点方向进行讨论和展望,旨在推动水稻快速育种技术的发展和应用,提升水稻育种效率,为保障粮食安全和农业可持续发展提供有益参考。

Rice(Orysa sativa L.)is one of the most important food crops in China,playing a major role in guaranteeing food security.Thanks to the development of science and technology,especially the progress of rice breeding technology,there have been two rounds of substantial increase in China’s rice yield since the large-scale application of dwarf rice breeding and hybrid rice technology.Consumer demand for rice varieties and rice products is becoming increasingly diversified in the new era,and the current efficiency of rice breeding is still not satisfactory enough to meet future demand.As a self-pollinated crop,rice requires multiple generations of continuous self-crossing to achieve genetic homozygosis and stability in segregating generations during the breeding process.However,the long growth cycle of rice in paddy field and the difficulty of year-round planting have led to a long breeding cycle,which has become one of the crucial bottlenecks in rice breeding.Speed breeding is a new technology rising in recent years that promotes crop growth,flowering and maturation through comprehensive measures such as environmental regulation and growth manipulation to expedite the crop generation advance,which can shorten the“seed to seed”cycle and realize multi-generation breeding annually,and promises to significantly shorten the breeding cycle and improve the breeding efficiency.In this review,we focus on the rice crop and systematically describe the research status and progresses of speed breeding in rice in terms of the rise of crop speed breeding technology,the research overview of rice speed breeding,key genes in rice speed breeding,environmental factors affecting the rice flowering and maturation,and the incorporation of speed breeding and modern breeding technology.Further,we discuss and look forward to the challenges and key directions of future research in this field,aiming to promote the rapid development and application of speed breeding technology in rice,improve the efficiency of rice breeding,and provide useful references for guaranteeing food security and sustainable development of agriculture.