西汉国家建构视域下的“承秦”“过秦”探析

An Analysis of“Inheriting Qin”and“Over Qin”from the Perspective of State Construction in the Western Han Dynasty

“承秦”与“过秦”二者看似矛盾,却内存于西汉国家建构过程中。刘邦集团在秦末与群雄逐鹿以及随后的“汉制”构筑过程中,一方面据秦之地,用秦之人,承秦之制;另一方面,又对秦政的暴行酷施以及其官僚制度中所存在的组织结构缺陷予以指斥批判。探究其由,一方面,秦帝国所开创的大一统中央集权的皇权政体乃其时最适宜的制度,“承秦”可谓是刘邦集因应现实格局的最优选择。此外,秦制的核心在于确立了皇权的至高无上,“承秦”可以实现并满足人性中对于权力尤其是皇权的觊觎,故其亦成为刘邦政权的必然选择;另一方面,“过秦”不仅旨在以秦为鉴,纠秦之偏,避秦之祸,而且还可以使得原本凭“力”而胜的刘氏政权由此具有道义上的合法性。

“Inheriting Qin”and“over-Qin”seem to be contradictory,but they are in the process of state construction in the Western Han Dynasty.At the end of the Qin Dynasty,Liu Bang Group competed with a group of men and in the subsequent construction of the“Han system”,on the one hand,based on the land of Qin,using the people of Qin and inheriting the system of Qin.On the other hand,it criticizes the brutality of Qin government and the organizational structure defects existing in the bureaucratic system.On the one hand,the unified centralized imperial regime created by the Qin Empire is the most appropriate system at that time,and“bearing Qin”can be said to be the best choice for Liu Bang to cope with the reality.In addition,the core of Qin system was to establish the supremacy of imperial power,and“inheriting Qin”could realize and satisfy human nature’s covetousness for power,especially imperial power,so it also became the inevitable choice of Liu Bang’s regime.On the other hand,“over Qin”not only aims to take Qin as a reference,correct Qin’s deviation and avoid Qin’s disaster,but also can make Liu’s regime,which originally won by“force”,thus have moral legitimacy.