野生与栽培中药材品质对比的研究进展与相关建议

Reviews and Recommendations in Comparative Studies on Quality of Wild and Cultivated Chinese Crude Drugs

通过回顾野生与栽培中药材品质对比的研究历史,笔者系统梳理了20世纪50年代以来的相关研究报道,对已有研究结果进行汇总分析,结果发现已有的野生与栽培中药材品质对比研究主要集中在性状、显微结构、化学成分、药效作用、遗传多样性几个方面,其中化学成分对比研究占主导地位,并以指标性成分的含量对比研究居多,而药效作用研究最为薄弱。受取样数量、样品产地、生长年限、栽培方式等多种因素影响,不同中药材的野生与栽培品品质差异参差不齐。总体来看,多数野生中药材品质优于栽培品,两者性状差异较大,且部分化学成分的含量与比例发生明显变化,尤以栽培后初生代谢产物占比显著增加最为明显。栽培中药材品质与栽培模式相关,其中野生抚育、仿野生种植、生态种植等模式生产的中药材与野生品品质接近。基于分析结果,建议在野生与栽培中药材品质对比研究中明确栽培品的栽培方式与栽培年限,利用性状、显微结构、非靶向代谢组学结合差异成分定量分析、生物效价等技术手段综合评价野生与栽培中药材品质差异,加强植物细胞壁组成成分、初生代谢产物、次生代谢产物差异所致的药效变化研究,从而引导中药材高品质生产。

By reviewing the research history on quality comparison between wild and cultivated Chinese crude drugs,this paper systematically combed the relevant research reports since the 1950s,and summarized and analyzed the results of existing comparative studies,and found that the existing comparative research on the quality of wild and cultivated Chinese crude drugs were mainly focused on several aspects,including characteristics,microstructures,chemical compositions,pharmacodynamic effects,and genetic diversity.Among these,comparative studies of chemical compositions have been the dominant approach,with a particular emphasis on comparing the contents of index components.However,research on pharmacodynamic effects remained relatively limited.Due to various factors such as sample quantity,sample origin,growth period and cultivation methods,the differences in quality between wild and cultivated Chinese crude drugs vary significantly.In general,most wild Chinese crude drugs exhibited higher quality than cultivated products,with significant differences in their characteristics.The contents and proportions of some chemical components underwent noticeable changes,particularly with a marked increase in the proportion of primary metabolites after cultivation.The quality of cultivated Chinese crude drugs is closely related to the cultivation practices employed.Chinese crude drugs produced through wild nurturing,simulated wild planting,ecological cultivation,and other similar methods demonstrate quality levels comparable to those of wild Chinese crude drugs.Based on the analysis results,it is recommended to explicitly specify the cultivation practices and cultivation period of cultivated Chinese crude drugs in comparative studies of the quality between wild and cultivated Chinese crude drugs.Multiple technical approaches,including characteristics,microscopy,non-targeted metabolomics combined with quantitative analysis of differential components,and bioefficacy evaluation,should be employed to comprehensively assess the quality disparities between wild and cultivated Chinese crude drugs.Moreover,research efforts should be intensified to investigate the changes in pharmacodynamic effects resulting from differences in plant cell wall composition,primary metabolites,and secondary metabolites,in order to guide the production of high-quality Chinese crude drugs.