“南关封王”:清代广西边境朝廷差役的初步考察

A Preliminary Study of Imperial Service in the Guangxi Province Frontier in the Qing Dynasty

“南关封王”夫役是清代广西边境社会的特殊差役形式,泛指镇南关启闭的仪卫、差遣等一系列的力役、军役。其最初征召范围仅限于沿边诸土州,在改土归流后又由新设的流州继承。按例,应役方式属于亲身应役,但随后又发展出征收实物、纳钱雇役等形式。该项朝廷差役在清朝与阮朝解除宗藩关系之后并未完全消失,而是转变为地方陋规继续存在。“南关封王”夫役对于维持清代中越宗藩关系做出了积极的贡献,但同时也加重了边境民众的生计负担。

The“Nanguan Prince”service was a special obligation in the border society of Guangxi Province in the Qing Dynasty.This function generally referred to a series of military duties such as ceremonial guards and dispatches for the opening and closing of Zhennan Pass.Its initial recruitment scope was limited to the chieftain districts in the border areas.After bureaucratization of native officers,it was inherited by the newly established officials directly under the Central Government.As a rule,the form of service was personal,but later forms such as expropriation of physical goods and payment of money for service were developed.This imperial service did not completely disappear after the Qing Dynasty.The Nguyen Dynasty dissolved the vassal relationship but turned it into a form of corruption that continued to exist.The“Nanguan Prince”service made a positive contribution to maintaining the sectarian-vassal relationship between China and Vietnam in the Qing Dynasty,but it also increased the economic burden on the border people.