光绪时期吉林东部的垦局与地域社会

Reclamation Bureau and Regional Society in Eastern Jilin in the Guangxu Reign

光绪一朝,面对边疆危机,清廷在边省推行屯垦以巩固边防,这在吉林集中体现在设于其东部的一系列垦局。在制度定位上,垦局作为八旗驻防的延伸,是临时性的农垦机构,在实际经营中,垦局承担招垦、理民、边事交涉等多项职能。在空间分布上,垦局呈链状分布于紧邻国界的河谷平原处。垦局解决了有效的边疆经营机构的有无问题,这也是其存续的关键原因,是否带来财政上的效益则为次要。垦局发展壮大了沿边地带的垦区,进而成为清廷与外国进行边疆经略角力的桥头堡。它们在缓解了特定的边疆治理困局的同时,也为沿边政区的设立和边疆经略的进一步开展奠定了基础。

Facing a border crisis during the Guangxu reign,the Qing Government promoted land reclamation in the border provinces to consolidate frontier defenses.In Jilin,such measures were embodied in a series of reclamation bureaus.Administratively,the Reclamation Bureau,as an extension of the Eight Banners garrison,was a temporary institution for agricultural reclamation,which undertook several functions including promoting reclamation,managing people,and negotiating border affairs.In terms of spatial distribution,reclamation bureaus were established in the valleys and plains near the national border.Effectively managing borders were the key reason for their existence,and whether they brought financial benefits was secondary.Reclamation bureaus developed and expanded along the border and became bridgeheads for the Qing government to compete with foreign countries in border management.They not only alleviated the dilemma of border governance,but also laid foundation for the establishment of administrative regions and the further development of border economics.