继绝学而成圣:理学思维与错简论的形成和发展

Tracing the Lost Learning to Become a Sage:The Formation and Development of Neo-Confucianism Thinking and Misconception Theory

宋元以来《伤寒论》文本诠释的兴盛和疑经思想的萌芽,以及明后期泰州学派的平民化思潮,是错简论出现的历史背景。方有执参照建道统、继绝学、疑经改经、反异端和成圣等理学思维,创建了错简论的体系。在此体系中,方有执拔高张仲景的圣人地位,主张张仲景之后医道中断而成绝学,通过编次《伤寒论》,恢复其原貌,自己继承了绝学,同时为了维护自己的正统,将成无己等医家视为异端,最后认为自己成圣。清初的喻昌以更加理学化的思维,发展了错简论的体系。错简论将医家的人生理想寓于医学理论创新之中,这是它能对清代医学产生巨大影响的观念因素。

The rise of interest in the textual interpretation of the Treatise on Febrile Diseases since the Song and Yuan Dynasties,and the beginnings of skepticism toward the classics,as well as the rapid spread of the“popularization”movement of the Taizhou School in late Ming times,all these constitute the historical background for the emergence of“misconception theory.”Fang Youzhi had established a system of misconception theory by consulting the Confucian classical tradition,by following the“original studies”movement,questioning the classics,and improving the classics,opposing irrational schools of thought and becoming a sage.In this system,Fang Youzhi elevated Zhongjing to the status of a sage,claimed that Zhongjing’s medicine had been cut off and so was a lost as a source of medical learning.He restored its original status by compiling Treatise on Febrile Diseases.In this way he had inherited the lost learning.At the same time,to maintain his orthodoxy,he treated Cheng Wuji and other doctors as quacks,and finally claimed himself to be a sage.Yu Chang in the early Qing Dynasty adapted the system of misconception theory by making it compatible with Neo-Confucian thought.Misconception theory introduced innovations in medical theory by adapting it to the career ideals of the practitioners.It was this factor that had a major impact on medicine during the Qing Dynasty.