陕北地区汉代“胡人”墓考察

Research on Han-Dynasty Tombs Associated with the‘Hu’Ethnic Groups in Northern Shaanxi

特殊的历史进程和地理位置造就了两汉时期陕北地区多个游牧民族在此长期融合的事实,本文统称其为“胡人”。通过对陕北地区241座汉墓的考察,可以辨析出29座“胡人”墓葬。随葬带孔陶罐、戳记陶器、铜镜残片和骨箸、骨刷、骨勺等骨器及装饰有波浪纹、弦纹的小口弧腹罐是匈奴族的常见做法,在墓道中用盛肉的陶罐来献祭可能是羌人的葬仪,随葬动物是这两支“胡人”墓葬的共同特征。29座“胡人”墓中,既有文化内涵较为单纯的“胡人”墓,又有两者共存一墓的情况,对墓主族属的辨析有利于我们深入地解读墓葬。

Owning to the special historical process and geographical location,the Northern Shaanxi region has long been recognized as the stage for the assimilation of various northern nomadic groups.In this paper,these ethnic groups are all referred to the“Hu”ethnic groups.Through the investigation of 77 Han-dynasty tombs in Northern Shaanxi,29 tombs were identified as probably being associated with the Hu ethnic groups.This paper suggests that typical Xiongnu funeral rituals were characterized by including the following items into the funeral good assemblage:punctuated vessels,stamped vessels,bronze mirror fragments,bone tools such as sheaths,brushes,and spoons,and narrow-rimmed and protruded-bellied vessels decorated with wavy and stringed patterns.Also,the practice of using ceramic pots holding meat for sacrifice may have been associated with the Qiang people.Nonetheless,the two Hu ethnic groups both included sacrificial ritual animals in their tombs.Among the 29 tombs associated with the Hu ethnic groups,the burial rituals represent either a pattern dominated by one of the traditions indicated above,or a co-existence of the two traditions.In short,the identification of occupants’ethnic association is constructive for the further study of the local burial practices.