中国食用菌工厂化生产发展现状及趋势

The current status and trends of the development of industrialized production of edible mushrooms in China

2008—2021年中国食用菌工厂化企业数量呈先上升后下降的趋势,2012年达到峰值788家。概述目前中国食用菌工厂化生产发展表现“三集中”特点:随着企业数量减少、企业规模扩大,产能向大企业集中;生产企业区域集中;工厂化企业生产品种集中。分析主要工厂化栽培品种金针菇、杏鲍菇、双孢蘑菇、真姬菇、香菇等产量、企业规模等发展现状,并与日本进行比较。指出我国食用菌工厂化生产整体面临的问题有:市场价格整体下行,生产企业盈利堪忧;产品集中、同质化严重且生产工艺技术储备不足;自主菌种研发能力不足,新型栽培基质开发乏力;设备老化严重,产品精深加工不足等。提出注重科技创新,建立工厂化菌种扩繁质量控制标准,注重全产业链标准体系建设等对策。

The number of industrialized edible mushroom enterprises in China showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing from^(2)008 to 2021.It reached a peak of 788 in 2012.Currently,industrialized production of edible mushrooms in China displays“three major concentrations”characteristics:as the number of enterprises decreases,enterprise scale expands and production capacity tends to concentrate on large enterprises;factories concentrate in certain regions;the production concentrates to certain varieties.The development status of output and enterprise scale of major industrialized cultivation varieties of edible mushrooms in China such as Flammulina filiformis,Pleurotus eryngii,Agaricus bisporus,Lentinula edodes,and H.marmoreus were analyzed and compared with Japan.The overall problems faced by the industrialized production of edible mushrooms in China are pointed out,including overall decline in market prices and worries about profitability for production enterprises,excessive concentration and homogeneity of products,and lack of production technical expertise;insufficient the abilities of independent breeding varieties,and weak development of new cultivation substrate;severe aging of equipment,and insufficient product deep processing etc.This article proposed some suggestions and countermeasures focusing on scientific and technological innovation,establishment of quality standards for industrialized strain expansion,construction of a standard system for the entire industry chain.