西南山区乡村人居环境治理:模式比较与政策启示——以4个典型村落为例

Model Comparison and Policy Inspiration of Governance of Rural Living Environment in China's Southwest Mountains:Case Study of Four Typical Villages

探索乡村人居环境治理的有效模式对推进乡村建设,促进乡村振兴具有重要意义。文章基于西南山区4个典型村落人居环境治理的实地调研,依据农户行为理论、公共选择理论、委托代理理论和多中心治理理论,按照治理主体力量的不同,将其划分为村民自主治理、政府治理、市场治理和多中心治理4种主要模式,并深入比较4种治理模式的实践机制。研究发现:4种模式在乡村人居环境治理中各有利弊,且适用环境不尽相同。距县城、中心镇较远,宗亲关系密切和农户较为分散的村落适宜推行村民自主治理模式;人口较为集聚且政府治理能力强的村落适宜推行政府治理模式;资源禀赋强、人文历史和交通条件好的村落适宜推行市场治理模式;村落发展较好且利益联动机制较为完善的村落,适宜推行多中心治理模式。西南山区乡村人居环境治理水平总体较低,后续治理任务依然艰巨,针对政府治理成本大、市场进出机制不完善和村民参与不积极等问题,从政府、市场和村民等视角提出了相应建议。

Exploring the effective model of rural living environment governance is of great significance to promoting rural construction and rural revitalization.A field investigation of living environment governance is done in four typical villages in southwest China's mountainous areas;according to the farmer behavior theory,the public choice theory,the principal-agent theory,and the polycentric governance theory,four main models are discovered based on the different forces of governance subjects as follows:villager independent governance,government governance,market governance,and polycentric governance;and the practical mechanisms of the four models are compared in depth.The results show that each of the four models has its own advantages and disadvantages,and their applicable environment is different.Villages that are far away from the county seat and the central town,with close family relations and scattered farmers,are suitable for implementing the villager independent governance model;villages with relatively concentrated population and strong government governance ability are suitable for implementing the government governance model;villages with strong resource endowment,good cultural history,and good traffic conditions are suitable for implementing the market governance mode;and villages with better village development and better interest linkage mechanisms are suitable for implementing the multi-center governance model.The governance level of rural living environment in the mountainous areas of southwest China is generally low,and the follow-up governance task remains arduous.Suggestions are put forward from the perspectives of government,market,and villagers to address the problems including high cost of government governance,imperfect market entry and exit mechanism,and villagers'inadequate participation.