清末民初中国国家观的“国-民”关系嬗变

On Changes of"State-People"Relationships of China's View of State In Late Qing Dynasty and Early Republic of China

在古代中国“天下观”解体后,“国”从“天下”中脱嵌,清末思想家以“国家主义”为基础的主权国家观念作为救国的方案,当国家主义方案碰壁后,民初思想家认识到个人权利和个性发展在现代国家构建中的重要作用,遂以“个人主义”为基础的自由国家观念进行替代。理解嬗变的过程,核心在于理解“国家和国民”关系的处理,研究发现这对关系由依附式转变为“国在民上”关系构建,又转向强调“个人至上”的关系构建,将国民脱嵌于国家和家庭,把人作为现代国家构建的手段转变为其目的,完成了具有内在延续性的现代国家构建启蒙。

After the disintegration of the"world view"in ancient China,the state is detached from the"world".Thinkers in the late Qing Dynasty took the concept of sovereign state based on"nationalism"as a plan to save the nation.However,after the nationalist plan hit a wall,they realized the important role of individual rights and personality development in the construction of a nation-state.Therefore,the concept of free state based on"individualism"was substituted.The core of understanding the process of evolution lies in understanding the handling of the relationship between"state and people".It is found that the relationship has changed from dependency to"the country is on the people"and then to"the individual is supreme".The citizens were detached from the country and family,and people were transformed as the means of building a nation-state into their purpose,thus completing the enlightenment of building a modern country with internal continuity.