农业机械耕作部件磨损性能试验研究现状

Current research of experiment on wear performance for tillage tools of agricultural machinery

农业机械耕作部件磨损性能影响整机的工作效率、作业质量,磨损严重时会造成巨大的经济损失。为评价不同材料、结构、土壤类型、工作参数等对耕作部件磨损性能的影响,研究一系列耕作部件磨损性能试验方法。综述田间试验、实验室试验和数值模拟等耕作部件磨损性能试验方法的国内外研究发展现状,重点阐述磨粒磨损试验、小型土壤环境磨损试验及土槽试验等实验室磨损性能试验的特点及发展趋势。田间试验结果准确,但受环境影响大,重现性差,而且能耗大、经济性不好;实验室试验能高效地筛选耕作部件材料,但在磨损数据的实时采集方面还有不足,且未与田间磨损试验建立关联;数值模拟方法可以有效地模拟部件与土壤之间的相互作用,有助于部件的结构和工作参数优化,但在多因素环境耦合及模拟精度等方面还有不足。对未来农机耕作部件磨损性能试验研究的发展方向提出加快农机耕作部件磨损性能数据库的建立、健全试验规范和评价标准、提高数值模拟精度等建议。

The wear performance of agricultural machinery tillage tools affects the work efficiency and operation quality of the whole machine,and severe wear may lead to huge economic loss.In order to evaluate the influence of different materials,structures,soil types and working parameters on the wear performance of tillage tools,researchers have established a series of test methods for the wear performance of tillage tools.This paper summarizes the research and development status of the wear performance test for tillage tools at home and abroad,including field test,laboratory test and numerical simulation method.The features and development of abrasive wear test,small-scale soil environment test,soil tank test and other laboratory wear tests are described.It can be found that the results of field tests are accurate,but they are affected by the environment,also have poor reproducibility,and consume large amounts of energy and are not economical.The laboratory tests can efficiently screen the materials of tillage components,but there are still deficiencies in the real-time collection of wear data,and there is no correlation with the field wear tests.The numerical simulation methods can efficiently simulate the interactions between the components and the soil,which can help to optimize the structures and working parameters of components,but it is still insufficient in the aspects of multi-factor environmental coupling and simulation accuracy.The future research on the experimental study of wear performance of agricultural machinery components should focus on accelerating the establishment of a database for wear performance,improving the standards and evaluation criteria for experiments,and increasing the accuracy of numerical simulations.