族群聚居与住屋形式——工具史视野下青铜时代西南夷聚落建筑的文化技术特色

Ethnic Settlement and Housing Form:The Cultural and Technical Characteristics of the Architecture of the Southwestern Ethnic Groups in the Bronze Age from the Perspective of Tool History

本文以“族群聚居与住屋形式”合一的视域审视青铜时代西南夷的聚落建筑遗址,论述以氐羌族群为主体的康巴聚落建筑遗址中“柱造土掌与密肋邛笼”的特征,以濮越与苗瑶族群为主体的黔贵聚落建筑遗址中“抬梁穿斗与木栅干栏”的特征,以濮越与氐羌族群为主体的滇云聚落建筑遗址中“木楞井干与干栏合院”的特征,揭示了青铜时代西南夷地区的先民将其游牧渔猎与农业栽培经济相结合,产生了穿斗式、抬梁式、井干式、邛笼式及混合式的聚落建筑空间形式。该住屋形式格局中环绕式的围合感与单向度的向心性隐喻着方国神圣仪式与权力,体现了方国联盟集团的共同利益与意志,是青铜时代西南夷社会文化系统中类“尖锥体”等级结构的物质化产物。

This paper examines the architectural sites of the Southwestern Ethnic Groups in the Bronze Age from the perspective of"ethnic settlement and housing form".It discusses the characteristics of"column made earth palm houses and dense ribbed Qionglong cages"in the architectural sites of Kangba Ethnic Groups with the Diqiang as the main body;the characteristics of"post-lintel and column-tie constructions and wooden fences"in the architectural sites of QianGui Ethnic Groups with Puyue and Miaoyao as the main body;and the characteristics of"wooden log cabin constructions and bole fence courtyard houses"in the architectural sites of Dianyun Ethnic Groups with Puyue and Diqiang as the main body.It reveals that the ancestors of the southwestern ethnic regions in the Bronze Age combined their nomadic fishing and hunting with the agricultural cultivation economy,creating the settlement building space of the column-tie type,the postlintel type,the log cabin type,the Qionglong cage type and the mixed type.The circular sense of encirclement and unidirectional centripetality in this spatial pattern imply the sacred ceremony and power of the countries,reflecting the common interests and will of the countries'alliance group,and is the physical product of the conical hierarchical structure of the social and cultural system of the Southwestern Ethnic Groups in the Bronze Age.