家畜性腺分化和配子形成研究进展

Progress in the Study of Gonadal Differentiation and Gamete Formation in Domestic Animals

哺乳动物胎儿发育早期,原始外胚层特定细胞分化为原始生殖细胞,即配子的祖细胞。原始生殖细胞随后迁移到未分化的性腺中,与体细胞共同形成卵巢或睾丸。原始生殖细胞经过有丝分裂增殖形成卵原细胞或精原细胞,随后进行减数分裂分化为配子。性别决定、性腺分化和配子发生过程涉及多种细胞的增殖分化和相互调控,但受到取样和检测技术的限制,以往的研究系统性较差。近十年,单细胞水平检测技术的快速发展为全面分析人和动物生殖能力形成的机制提供了重要机遇。本文综述了不同动物原始生殖细胞的分化、迁移与增殖、性腺分化、性别决定及雌雄配子形成过程的研究进展,并介绍了单细胞测序技术在这些过程中的应用现状和前景,为揭示动物性别和生殖能力形成的机制以及提高哺乳动物的繁殖效率提供理论参考。

During the early development of mammalian,a group of cells in the primitive ectoderm differentiate into primordial germ cells(PGCs)which are the progenitor cells of gametes.Then PGCs migrate into the undifferentiated gonads and form the ovary or testis together with somatic cells.The PGCs proliferate through mitosis to form eggs or spermatogonia,which subsequently undergo meiotic and differentiate into gametes.The processes of sex determination,gonadal differentiation and gametogenesis involve the proliferation and differentiation of multiple cells and their mutual regulation,but previous studies have not elucidated related molecular regulating network due to the limitations of sampling and assay techniques.In the last decade,the rapid development of evaluation methods at the single-cell level has provided important opportunities to comprehensively analyze the mechanisms underlying the formation of human and animal fertility.In this paper,we review the research progress on the differentiation,migration and proliferation of primordial germ cells,gonadal differentiation,sex determination and gametogenesis in different animals,and also introduce the application of single-cell sequencing.This view would provide information to revealing the mechanisms of sex and fertility formation in animals,and also providing theoretical references for improving the reproductive efficiency of mammals.