棉花早熟高产优质抗逆适于机械化新品种创新应用

Creation and application of new cotton varieties with early maturity,high yield,good fibre quality,high adversity resistance and suitability for mechanization

针对棉花生产管理机械化、轻简化的迫切需求和品种株型、早熟性、产量、纤维品质、抗病性协同改良提升的育种难题,开展了早熟、高产、优质、适于机械化新品种培育和配套技术研究。创新地提出“两改两增四选择”早熟、耐密植、抗倒伏、适于机械化的育种技术,创制了10份优异育种亲本材料;发掘出开花期,黄萎病抗性,棉铃重、衣分等产量,纤维长度、强度等品质共14个性状SNP位点633个;开发出可用于纤维品质、黄萎病抗性育种选择的低成本、高通量KASP标记26个;发现调控早熟性、品质、抗逆性、发芽出苗快慢的关键基因12个,并揭示其在不同品种中的表达规律;利用创新的亲本材料、育种技术和开发的分子标记,育成了冀农大23号、冀农大棉24号、冀农大棉25号、冀农大36号具不同特点适于机械化的早熟、高产、优质棉花新品种,在株型紧凑、早熟、吐絮集中等机采特性改良及其与高产、优质、抗病协同提升方面取得新突破;研究创建了新品种机采模式种植下“一穴一粒机播、扩群体增铃数、全化控免整枝、棉田集中采收”轻简省工高效配套技术,科企用相结合,建立了代表性强、覆盖面广、带动力大的示范基地,引领新品种大面积生产应用,每公顷增收2700~3000元、省工60~75个,节本增效显著。

In response to the urgent demand for mechanization,lightened and simplified cotton production management,as well as the breeding difficulties of collaborative improvement and enhancement of plant architecture,early maturity,yield,fibre quality,and disease resistance for cotton varieties,research on new variety development with the early maturity,high yield,good fibre quality and suitability for mechanization and coordinative cultivation techniques were carried out.Breeding technologies of synchronous improvement of early maturity,density resistance,lodging resistance and suitability for mechanization were established with“two modifications,two increases,and four selections”.Ten elite breeding parent materials were produced.A total of 633 SNP loci associated with 14 traits were determined,including flowering period,Verticillium wilt resistance,boll weight,lint percentage,fibre length,fibre strength and so on.Twenty-six KASP markers with lower cost and higher throughput were developed for breeding selection of fibre quality and Verticillium wilt resistance.Twelve key genes regulating early maturity,fibre quality,adversity resistance and seed germination were discovered.And their expression patterns in different varieties were documented.Using the elite breeding parent materials,breeding techniques,and developed molecular markers,four new varieties including Jinongda 23,Jinongdamian 24,Jinongdamian 25 and Jinongda 36 were bred with early maturity,high yield,good fibre quality and suitability for mechanization.New breakthroughs were made in improving mechanical characteristics such as compact plant architecture,early maturity,concentrated boll opening,and synergistic enhancement with high yield,good fibre quality and disease resistance.Simple,labor saving,and efficient supporting techniques with“one-hole-one-seed machinery sowing,expanding the number of bolls in the population,chemical regulation in whole growing season and pruning-free,and concentrated harvesting in cotton fields”were created for mechanical harvesting.By combining science,enterprises and application,demonstration bases with strong representatives,wide coverage,and strong driving force were established,leading the large-scale production and application of new varieties,with an income increase of 2700-3000 yuan per hectare and 60-75 labor saving,significantly reducing costs and increase efficiency.