右翼民粹主义冲击下德国选民的政治极化现象研究

Political Polarization of German Voters under the Impact of Right-wing Populism

德国选择党进入联邦议院后,德国选民的政治极化有所加剧。在议题极化方面,选民立场趋于极端,呈现“左派更左、右派更右”、中间政党选民立场模糊的特征。在情感极化方面,德国选择党与其他政党选民之间的厌恶情绪加剧,选民更加认同本党,更加反感其他政党、政府和政治体制。德国选民的政治极化与右翼民粹主义兴起密切相关。世界主义-社群主义分歧奠定了选民政治极化的社会结构基础,而社民党和联盟党(基民盟/基社盟)在世界主义-社群主义上的趋同导致处于社会分歧两端的选民转向极端观点。德国选择党与其他政党的竞争日趋意识形态化,右翼民粹主义支持者对德国选择党的维护和其他选民对右翼民粹主义的反感,加剧了选民对立。

The political polarization of German voters has intensified after the Alternative for Germany entered the Bundestag.In terms of issue polarization,voters' positions have tended to be more extreme,showing the characteristics of “the left is more left,the right is more right”,while the positions of voters of the center parties are ambiguous.In terms of affective polarization,the aversion between voters of the Alternative for Germany and other political parties has scaled up.While voters' identification with their own party has increased,they have become increasingly resentful of other parties,governments,and political systems.The political polarization of the German voters is closely linked to the rise of right-wing populism.First,the cosmopolitan-communitarian cleavage lays the social structural foundation for the political polarization of voters.The convergence of the Social Democratic Party and CDU/CSU makes voters at both ends of the social cleavage feel a lack of representation and shift towards extreme views.Secondly,the competition between the Alternative for Germany and other political parties has become increasingly ideological.With the detestation between the right-wing populist supporters and opponents,voters are increasingly antagonized.