中国机会不平等的变动及其影响因素——基于CFPS为主的多角度微观计量

The Change of Opportunity Inequality and its Influencing Factors in China--A Comparative Analysis Mainly Based on CFPS

在详细讨论机会不均等的概念、影响因素及作用机理的基础上,借鉴Roemer构建的“环境-努力”机会均等分析框架,主要利用CFPS数据等微观调查资料,测度了1988—2018年中国居民收入中的机会不平等程度、各环境因素的贡献,以及环境因素通过努力因素而间接产生的机会不平等程度。结果表明:(1)总体机会不平等在总收入差别中所占比重约为36%,且呈明显下降趋势;(2)二元户籍制度对机会不平等产生影响最大,其次是年龄、性别、地区及父辈教育等,父辈职业特征影响很小;(3)环境因素通过个体教育和就业间接形成的机会不平等不大,尤其通过就业的间接作用很小;(4)中国居民收入差别主要取决于个体受教育、就业努力等合理因素的差异,其趋势是下降的,且下降部分主要是机会不平等减小所致。

This paper utilizes an analytical framework of equal opportunity known as the"circumstance-effort"analysis,developed by Roemer,to comprehensively discuss the concept,influencing factors,and mechanism of opportunity inequality.Drawing on the longitudinal CFPS data spanning from 1988 to 2018,the study quantifies the level of income inequality derived from unequal opportunities among Chinese residents.Furthermore,it examines the specific contributions of various circumstance factors and the extent to which they indirectly generate opportunity inequality through effort factors.The findings reveal the following:①Income opportunity inequality constitutes approximately 30% of the overall income disparity and exhibits a significant downward trend over time.②The dual household registration system exerts the most substantial impact on opportunity inequality,followed by age,gender,whereas parental education and occupational characteristics have limited influence.③The indirect effects of circumstance factors,particularly education and occupation,are deemed relatively modest,with the effect of occupation being relatively small.④The income disparity among Chinese residents is principally determined by disparities in individual education and occupational efforts.The observed decline primarily stems from the reduction in opportunity inequality.