美丽高原湖泊湿地“花—鱼—螺蚌—鸟”生态修复新路径及其应用

An innovative restoration mode“macrophytes–fishes–benthons–birds”implemented in aesthetic plateau wetlands

受人类活动和气候变化等因素的叠加影响,云南高原湖泊湿地不同程度地面临水位降低、水面面积缩小、水质污染问题,土著水生生物性丧失严重,许多土著物种濒危甚至消失。20世纪80年代以来实施的生态修复方式基本采用外来物种为主,不可避免地带来外来物种对高原湿地生态系统和土著物种的负面影响。针对这些问题,在有关项目的支持下,文章提出了基于土著旗舰物种为主的“花—鱼—螺蚌—鸟”生态修复新路径,并在滇池和洱海进行了试验示范。结果表明,这一生态修复新路径重建了退化湖泊湿地生态系统能量流动链条中缺失的环节,完善了生态系统的整体性功能,使得水体中氮、磷等富营养化物质循着“藻—鱼—鸟(或人)”和“花—鱼—鸟(或人)”2条路径顺利离水上岸;在试验区内还收获了海菜花和金线鱼等云南传统名贵食材,白瓣黄蕊的海菜花密集浮于水面形成了云南高原湖泊湿地特有的美丽景观;基于滇池和洱海试验示范工作,并结合云南高原各湖泊湿地生物多样性特点和现状,提出了针对不同类别湿地生态状况的生态修复和治理措施。

Affected by both increasing human activities and climate change,Yunnan Plateau lakes were faced with threats such as water level decreasing,water-body reducing,and severe pollution.Many indigenous species were endangered or even disappeared.The ecological restorations implemented since 1980s almost all used alien species.As an inevitable result,severe negative impacts from alien species were observed on the Plateau wetland ecosystem and indigenous species.To solve these problems,with the support of relevant projects,an innovative restoration mode mainly with indigenous flag-species“macrophytes–fishes–benthons–birds”was proposed.This innovative mode was implemented respectively in Dianchi and Erhai,and has successfully restored the lost species along the food-chains of energy flowing as well as the integrative functions of aquatic ecosystem.Following the two routines of“algae–fishes–birds(or human)”and“macrophytes–fishes–birds(or human)”,the eutrophicate elements Nitrogen and Phosphorus have left the lakes and wetlands.The experiments have achieved additional results.For example,traditional expensive food ingredients are discovered such as flowers of macrophytes Ottelia and the indigenous fishes.Those white petals and yellow stamens of Ottelia floating on water surface have also formed a unique aesthetic landscape in Yunnan Plateau lakes and wetlands.Based on the successful experiments in Dianchi and Erhai wetlands,combined with the characteristics and status of wetland biodiversity,this study proposes innovative restoration modes to be implemented in Yunnan Plateau lakes and wetlands.