“部”的凸显与唐宋尚书省六部的实体化

The Standing out of the Ministries and the Institutionalization of Six Ministries of the Department of State Affairs during the Tang and Song

“三省制”或“三省六部制”是学界广为接受的用以描述隋唐政治体制的基本概念。但无论从三省层面,还是从六部层面来看,上述概念实乃建立在宋人对中唐至北宋前期制度实践和元丰以后官制运行实态改革的理解、建构与发明的基础之上。尽管隋代尚书省中“部”的机构性质开始凸显,但直到元丰重建三省,才在新的历史条件下,延续了隋唐以来“部”向独立化机构迈进的趋势,并使得六部尚书由虚的长官转型成为本部事务的真正领导者,六部的实体化才得以完成。由此,在文献中呈现出“省部”取代“省司”成为尚书省处理上下行政务文书的主体。元丰以后的宋代奏钞形态已经区别于唐代奏抄,以六部为发文机构,并且在尚书省印和郎官印记之外增置六部印,均是其证。

The“Three Departments”or“Three departments and six ministries”become the basic concepts for contemporary scholarship to describe the political institutions in the Sui and Tang Dynasties.However,regarding either“three departments”or“six ministries”,these concepts were established based on the Song understanding,construction,and invention of the institutional practice from the mid-Tang to early Song dynasties and the running of the political official system after the Yuanfeng period.Although the“ministries”within the Department of State Affairs as institutional offices became standing out in the Sui Dynasty,until the Yuanfeng period when three departments were restored,under the new historical conditions,these ministries continued the tradition from the Tang dynasty and gradually became independent institutions.The heads of six ministries also transformed from the honorific titles to the real leaders of their ministries,which completed the institutionalization of these ministries.Therefore,in the sources“departmental ministries”replaced“departmental offices”and became the subjects in the Department of State Affairs for handling official documents.Since the Yuanfeng period,the memorial and petition documents already made difference from those in the Tang dynasty,which came from six ministries.In addition,it can be supported by the evidence of the newly added seals of six ministries,besides the seals of the Department of State Affairs and the departmental censors.