性别与腐败:基于正式制度和非正式制度的分析

Gender and Corruption:Based on the Analysis of Formal and Informal Institutions

女性公职人员是否比男性更加清廉?现有研究认为,在腐败机会增多和网络蔓延的环境中,腐败的性别差异将会被制度环境消解。然而,这些研究没有考虑到即便处于同一制度环境下,两性能够获得的腐败机会和网络也仍然存在巨大差异。对中国公职人员进行的问卷调查显示,女性公职人员对腐败的容忍度显著低于男性。非正式制度如庇护网络是导致女性腐败容忍度低于男性的一个关键中介变量。女性通常被排斥在庇护网络之外,而这些关系网络正是滋生腐败的温床。女性对正式制度有更高的遵从度是导致其腐败容忍度低于男性的又一重要中介因素。

Are female civil servants less corrupt than men?The established literature suggests there is no gender gap in offi cials’attitudes toward corruption when they are exposed to rich opportunities and networks for corruption.However,the existing research fails to consider that opportunities and networks for corruption significantly differ among the gender even in the same institutional contexts.Drawing on an original survey administered among Chinese civil servants,the fi ndings indicate that women’s tolerance for corruption is signifi cantly lower than that of men in China.The informal institution,namely clientelist networks,is a crucial mediating variable in women’lower tolerance for corruption than men.Women are more likely to be excluded from clientelist networks that facilitate corruption,and these networks of relationships are the breeding ground for corruption.Female’s higher compliance with formal rules is another important mediating factor in their lower tolerance for corruption than men.