张元素对《黄帝内经》气机升降理论的继承与发挥

Inheritance and Improvement of Ascending and Descending Theory of Qi Mechanism in Inner Canon of Huangdi by ZHANG Yuansu

中医理论肇始于《黄帝内经》,其中对气机升降理论的阐发主要包括以天地上下阐释升降、言人体功能蕴含升降、明自然万物不离升降3个方面;对气机升降理论的描述具有重自然与人体、轻药物的特点。易水学派张元素以《黄帝内经》气机升降理论为基础,创立升降浮沉药性理论体系。张元素受“天人相应”影响,将药物放置于天地四时之中,法四时之气运动特征,提出药物具有升降浮沉作用趋势;将药物气味与天地阴阳相对应,以“气交”理论阐发药物升降浮沉之理论;以“五脏苦欲补泻”为基础,在药味补泻的基础上增添药气补泻,通过气、味奠定药物升降浮沉的大体趋势,从而调节脏腑气机。张元素升降浮沉药性理论的提出,丰富了《黄帝内经》药物气机升降的内容,为后世药性理论的发展奠定了基础。

The theory of traditional Chinese medicine began in the Inner Canon of Huangdi.Its discussion of ascending and descending theory of qi mechanism mainly includes:ascending and descending in the movement of heaven and earth,ascending and descending in the human body,and ascending and descending in all things in nature.The description of the ascending and descending theory of the qi mechanism focuses on nature and the human body and slightly discusses drugs.ZHANG Yuansu of the Yishui school,based on the ascending and descending theory of the qi mechanism in the Inner Canon of Huangdi,created the theory system of medicinal properties including ascending,descending,floating,and sinking.ZHANG Yuansu was influenced by the principle of“correspondence between man and universe”and placed medicine in the context of heaven,earth,and the four seasons.Based on the characteristics of qi movement in the four seasons,it was proposed that drugs have a tendency to ascend,descend,float,and sink.By corresponding the nature and taste of medicines to the yin and yang of heaven and earth,the theory of ascending,descending,floating,and sinking of medicines was discussed according to the theory of“qi interchange”.According to the“tonification and purgation of five organs”,on the basis of tonification and purgation by medicinal taste,tonification and purgation by medicinal qi was supplemented.The general trend of ascending,descending,floating,and sinking of drugs was established through qi and taste,so as to regulate the qi of the internal organs.The theory of ascending,descending,floating,and sinking of medicinal properties proposed by ZHANG Yuansu enriches the content of the Inner Canon of Huangdi on the ascending and descending of the qi mechanism of drugs and lays the foundation for the development of the theory of medicinal properties in the future.