“假歇山”概念溯源及其类型浅析

Tracing the Concept and Types of the‘Pseudo Hip-and-Gable Roof’

作为官式做法的简化与背反,“假歇山”可被视作歇山缘起与发展的一面镜鉴,对其内涵的勾勒仰仗于对构造、空间与形象三方面的综合考察。文章以歇山“两厦”空间的成因差异为经,以结角与出际构件的组合模式为纬,尝试细分“假歇山”的类型并爬梳这一概念的缘起。通过比对“假歇山”与官式做法的设计逻辑与空间组织,探析“假作”的原因及其发展脉络,提出“假作”的目的是提升规格、简化构造和取整空间,实现途径分为增出披檐、附加围廊、梁檩倒置、假作戗角等几种。不同的“假作”方式也指向“假歇山”的多元源头,借此又可以审视宋、清不同技术体系下生成山花、翼角的设计思维差异,深化对传统营造中“结构-空间单元”互动关系的认识。

The‘pseudo hip-and-gable roof’can be viewed as a reflection of the origin and evolution of the hip-and-gable roof,as it is simplified and deviated from the official form.This article comprehensively delineates this roof construction from constructional,spatial,and visual perspectives.It classifies the pseudo hip-and-gable roof and traces the origin of this concept in two threads:different formation causes for the spaces between the two side gables,and the combination types of roof corner components and supporting components at roof verges.The article then examines the reasons for the development of the‘alternative practices’by comparing the design principles and spatial organisations employed in the pseudo and the official hip-and-gable roof.It further proposes that the primary objective of the‘alternative practices’is to improve the grade,simplify the structure,and integrate spaces,and it can be realised through additional shed roofs,peripheral corridors,inverted configuration of beams and purlins,and pseudo upturned roof corners.Additionally,the article argues that various‘alternative practices’indicate the diverse origins of the pseudo hip-and-gable roof.This research contributes to examining the disparities in design concepts for gables and upturned roof corners under the different construction systems of Song(960–1279 CE)and Qing(1644–1911)dynasties,and comprehending the relationships of‘structural–spatial units’in traditional Chinese architecture.