作为主观权利的程序公权

Procedural Rights as Public Subjective Rights

因受私法影响,公权论明显带有实体性特征,这使公法上的程序权利自始就被归入形式公权。相比实质公权,形式公权只是个人一种不完整的法地位,这种不完满性又尤其表现于诉讼可能的欠缺。程序瑕疵的相对性使违反程序规范并不能成为个人行使撤销请求权的独立事由,程序权违反也唯有和实体权损害存在明确的违法性关联时,才符合诉讼的权利侵害要件。但伴随“经由程序的基本权利保障”的观念兴起以及欧盟法的作用辐射,德国法开始越来越多地承认绝对程序公权。绝对程序公权独立于实体法规范之外,对此类程序条款的违反可单独成为诉请撤销行政行为的理由。但在行政诉讼作为主观诉讼的定位不改变的前提下,绝对程序公权只是例外而非原则。对程序公权发展演替的体系梳理构成了对程序瑕疵司法审查的前理解,其不仅有助于澄清我们对于程序瑕疵司法审查的认知分歧,亦会将相关讨论从现有的规范阐释引向对程序公权本质的挖掘。

Due to the influence of private law,the theory of public rights originating from Germany has substantive characteristics,resulting in procedural public rights being classified as formal public rights.Compared to substantive public rights,formal public rights are only an incomplete legal status for individuals,and this incompleteness is particularly manifested in the possible lack of litigation.After World War II,due to the strengthening of the concept that administrative procedures only have service functions,procedural rights and substantive rights have been clearly distinguished and given different judicial remedies.The relative nature of procedural flaws makes violating procedural norms an independent cause for individuals to exercise their right to request revocation.Violation of procedural rights only meets the requirements for infringement of rights in litigation when there is a clear illegal relationship between it and damage to substantive rights.However,with the rise of the concept of“fundamental rights protection through procedures”and the radiation of EU law,German law has increasingly recognized absolute procedural public rights.The procedural flaws of absolute procedural public rights are independent of substantive law norms,and the violation of the procedural provisions can be a separate reason for requesting the revocation of administrative actions.There is no need to consider whether there is any harm to substantive rights.The systematic review of the development and succession of procedural public rights not only constitutes a preliminary understanding of the judicial review system for procedural flaws,but also helps to clarify the procedural public rights and thus shape a complete doctrine of procedural rights in public law.