“普遍嫌疑”及其规制以德国法为借鉴

“General Suspicion”and its Regulation Lessons from German Law

“嫌疑程度”理论,要求刑事诉讼的启动必须至少有初始嫌疑,不能仅凭单纯的猜测。但随着“犯罪预防优先”理念的渗入以及警务情报机构向刑事司法的渗入,以大规模监控、大规模数据储存以及大数据分析为典型代表的犯罪预防方法开始成为各国强力遏制犯罪尤其是有组织犯罪的重要工具。因为这些犯罪预防方法不需要达致任何程度的嫌疑,故其实施依据的标准可称为“普遍嫌疑”。“普遍嫌疑”对刑事诉讼的价值、无罪推定及公民的个人基本权利保障均造成了极大的冲击甚至颠覆,因此从基本权干预的角度,应确立法律保留、比例原则以及救济机制以进行规制。

According to the“suspicion degree”theory,the initiation of criminal proceedings is at least based on a preliminary suspicion,and cannot be based solely on simple guesswork.However,with the permeation of the concept of“priority of crime prevention”and the increasingly participation of intelligence agencies in criminal justice,crime prevention approach,represented by large-scale monitoring,large-scale data storage and big data analytics,has become an important tool of states to suppress crime forcefully,especially organized crime.Because these crime prevention methods can be implemented without achieving any degree of suspicion,the standard on which they are based is called“general suspicion”causing great impact—even subversion—on the value of criminal proceedings,the presumption of innocence and the protection of citizens'fundamental rights.Therefore,from the perspective of intervention on fundamental rights,the principle of legal reservation,the principle of proportionality and relief mechanisms should be established in order to regulate the“general suspicion”.