外泌体在肝衰竭诊治中的作用及研究进展

The role and research progress of exosomes in the diagnosis and treatment of liver failure

肝衰竭是由病毒、酒精、药物、自身免疫等多种因素引起的急慢性肝脏损害,可导致机体合成、解毒、代谢和生物转化功能严重障碍,临床常见且病死率极高。外泌体是膜衍生的纳米级细胞外囊泡,携带蛋白质、核酸和脂质等成分,能够被肝脏大多数细胞释放和摄取。在各种原因引起的肝脏衰竭状态下,外泌体在持续分泌的同时,其内容物可能发生定性或定量的变化,再将生物信息传递给受体细胞后,可促使受体细胞相关通路的改变,从而加速或延缓肝脏疾病的发生发展,在细胞通讯中有着不可或缺的作用。本综述总结了外泌体主要生物学特征、外泌体作为肝衰竭诊治的生物标志物以及其在肝脏疾病未来应用中的广阔前景。

Liver failure is acute and chronic liver damage caused by various factors such as viruses,alcohol,drugs,and autoimmune factors,which can lead to serious disorders in the body’s synthesis,detoxification,metabolism,and biological transformation functions.It is common in clinical practice and has a high mortality rate.Exosomes are membrane-derived nanoscale extracellular vesicles that carry components such as proteins,nucleic acids,and lipids,and can be released and ingested by most liver cells.In the state of liver failure caused by various reasons,while exosomes continue to secrete,their contents may undergo qualitative or quantitative changes.After transmitting biological information to receptor cells,it can promote changes in receptor cellrelated pathways,thereby accelerating or delaying the occurrence and development of liver diseases,playing an indispensable role in cellular communication.This review summarizes the main biological characteristics of exosomes,and their broad prospects for future applications in liver diseases.