集体土地发包方终止权的原因、性质、行使及其法律后果——《农村土地承包法》第64条的解释与完善

The Reasons,Nature,Exercise and Legal Consequences of the Termination Right of Contract Awarding Party of Collective Land——The Interpretation and Improvement of Article 64 of The Rural Land Contract Law

《农村土地承包法》第64条突破合同相对性,明确赋予了集体土地发包方对土地经营权流转合同的终止权。该规定主要是基于土地有效利用以及保护耕地的考量。发包方终止权是基于其所有者地位和代理国家保护耕地而生的固有权,并非是替代承包者的代位权。第64条规定的四个行使条件是相互独立的,且“给土地造成严重损害或者严重破坏土地生态环境”具有兜底作用。承包方如果超过“三个月”不行使解除权,发包方就可以行使终止权;发包方的终止权不受民法典第564条第2款的除斥期间限制;终止权需要通过诉讼方式行使。此外,发包方终止权行使的后果也需要进一步解释与完善。

Article 64 of The Rural Land Contract Law breaks through the relativity of the contract and explicitly gives the collec-tive land contractee the termination right of the land management right transfer contract.This regulation is mainly based on the con-siderations of the effective use of land and the protection of cultivated land.The termination right of the contractee is an inherent right based on its owner's status and the protection of cultivated land by the agent state,it isn't a substitution of the subrogation right of the contractor.The four exercise conditions stipulated in Article 64 are independent of each other,and"causing serious damage to the land or seriously damaging the ecological environment of the land"has a protective effect.If the contractor fails to ex-ercise the cancellation right for more than"three months",the contractee can exercise the termination right,the termination right of the contractee is not limited by the scheduled period of Article 564(2)of the Civil Code,and the termination right needs to be ex-ercised through litigation.In addition,the consequences of the contractee's exercise of termination rights also require further expla-nation and improvement.