国际空间站商业化发展研究

Study on Commercial Development of the International Space Station

美国在建造和运营国际空间站过程中,大力发展商业载人航天,建立了较为成熟的商业模式。综述了国际空间站商业化发展背景、推进举措、实施效果。在国家层面,持续改革完善商业航天政策,美国第一至三号总统航天政策令中,要求相关政府机构改进对商业航天的监管,营造良好的发展环境;在管理层面,建立商业载人航天管理机制,开展商业货物运输和乘员运输,与空间科学促进中心签订协议管理空间站商业应用。国际空间站商业化相关做法取得了较好的效果,提升综合效益,同时也暴露出运输安全性、应用管理不到位相关问题,在研究国际空间站商业化发展的基础上,提出了建立健全商业化发展机制、健全完善商业应用管理体系、探索发展重点商业应用方向等方面的建议。

In the process of building and operating of the International Space Station(ISS),the U⁃nited States has made great efforts to develop commercial human spaceflight and established a rela⁃tively mature business model.This paper summarizes the background,promotion measures and im⁃plementation effects of the commercial development of the International Space Station.At the nation⁃al level,commercial spaceflight policies have been continuously reformed and improved,and in the US Space Policy Directive-1,2,3,the relevant government agencies have been requested to improve the regulation of commercial spaceflight and create a favorable environment for its development;at the management level,a mechanism for the management of commercial human spaceflight has been established to carry out commercial cargo and crew transportation,and an agreement has been signed with the Center for the Advancement of Science in Space(CASIS)for the management of Space Sta⁃tion commercial applications.The practices related to the commercialization of the International Space Station(ISS)have achieved good results and enhanced comprehensive benefits,while at the same time exposing problems related to transportation safety and inadequate application manage⁃ment.Based on the study of the commercial development of the International Space Station,the sug⁃essions on establishing and improving the commercial development mechanism,improving the com⁃mercial application management system,and exploring the development of key commercial applica⁃tion directions are put forward.