雪上项目训练分期研究评述及启示

Review of Training Periodization of Snow Sports and Its Enlightenment

训练分期是对运动训练过程进行有目的和针对性的设置与控制模型。通过文献资料调研,在梳理越野滑雪、冬季两项、跳台滑雪、北欧两项、高山滑雪和单板滑雪运动员竞技表现影响因素的基础上,评述上述项目的年度训练分期特征。在一般准备期,越野滑雪、冬季两项、北欧两项宜采用经典分期模式,可分阶段加入短期高强度耐力板块训练或高原训练;高山滑雪和单板滑雪宜采用不同素质板块分期组合的形式。特殊准备期,各项目的总负荷量均有所降低,其中越野滑雪提高高强度耐力并降低中等强度耐力;冬季两项减少力量和速度,并保持中低强度射击;北欧两项减少低强度耐力;跳台滑雪加强爆发力并避免体重增加;高山滑雪和单板滑雪在保持多种能力板块转化之后,以维持性训练为主。比赛期,各项目均以专项训练为主,但身体素质训练存在差异,越野滑雪可选择高低强度耐力训练的变化组合;冬季两项加强高强度射击并保持一定的低强度力量和耐力练习;北欧两项保持极限强度练习;跳台滑雪加强力量维持训练;高山滑雪和单板滑雪的训练密度和低强度耐力训练有所增高。

Training periodization is a purposeful and targeted setting and control model for the process of sports training.This study reviewed the characteristics of annual periodization of cross-country skiing(XC),biathlon(BI),ski jumping(SJ),Nordic combined(NC),alpine skiing(AS)and snowboarding(SN)on the basis of analyzing influencing factors of competitive performance by the method of literature review.In the general preparation period,XC,BI and NC should adopt classic periodization mode,short term HIT endurance training periodization or altitude training can be added in stages;Different quality periodization should be used in the form of different combination for AS and SN.The total load of each sport during the special preparation period has been reduced,XC improves HIT endurance and reduces MIT endurance;BI reduces strength and speed and maintains moderate to low intensity shooting;NC reduces LIT endurance;SJ enhances power and avoids weight gain;AS and SN focus on maintenance training after finishing a variety of ability periodization transformation.During the competition periodization,all events focus on special training,but there are differences in physical fitness training.XC chooses the combination of HIT and LIT endurance training;BI emphasizes HIT shooting and maintains certain LIT strength and endurance training;NC maintains maximal intensity training;SJ strengthens strength maintenance training;AS and SN increase training density and LIT endurance training.