从功德报偿到“汉家尧后”:刘邦置立巫官与两汉天命论的变迁

From Rewarding Merit to Being Descendants of Yao:The Sorcerers of Liu Bang and Changes in the Mandate of Heaven Between Han Dynasties

据《封禅书》,刘邦曾经置立巫官。其中梁、晋、秦、荆四者,无论以刘邦祭祖、神权统一还是抚慰诸侯作解,都存在一定问题。通过对秦汉之际战争中巫术需求的考察,以及刘邦军队士卒来源的梳理,可以发现刘邦于征战之中,招徕收附的兵丁籍贯正与诸巫相合。刘邦置立诸巫的初衷,与时人功德报偿的观念有关。《汉书》因其中四巫合于刘向所述汉家先祖的迁徙轨迹,遂作割裂剪裁,以为“汉家尧后”之证。这合于东汉明章两朝的时势,也显示出两汉天命论由朴素直接、含混笼统,渐为文饰堂皇、具体指实的变迁。

According to Feng shan shu,Liu Bang used to appoint sorcerers as officials.Four of them,Liang,Jin,Qin,and Jing,are problematic,whether interpreted in terms of Liu Bang's ancestor worship,divine unification,or comforting the vassals.By examining the demand for witchcraft in the wars between the Qin and Han dynasties,and by sorting out the origins of Liu Bang's soldiers,it can be proved that the origins of the soldiers Liu Bang recruited in the midst of his wars coincide with those of the sorcerers.Combined with the context of Feng shan shu,it can be judged that the original intention of setting up the sorcerers was related to the concept of rewarding merit at the time.Since the four sorcerers coincide with the migration of the ancestors of Liu Bang as mentioned by Liu Xiang,Hanshu chose them to prove that Liu Bang was descendant of Yao.It was in line with the situation,and also shows that Narrative on the Mandate of Heaven in Han dynasties changed from direct and vague statements to rhetorical and specific ones.