从康德的浪漫主义到早期浪漫派的康德主义——再思康德与德国浪漫主义的内在联系

From Kant's Romanticism to Early Romantics'Kantianism--Rethinking on the Inherent Relationship Between Kant and German Romanticism

拘泥于对德国古典哲学的教条化理解,许多哲学史家常常倾向于切断德国浪漫主义与德国古典哲学之间的联系,将其视为与德国古典哲学相对立的非理性主义思潮,甚至不承认德国浪漫主义的哲学价值。然而,像诺瓦利斯这样的早期浪漫主义者和其他大多数德国古典哲学家一样共享了康德批判哲学的问题意识。康德的独特之处在于他既是启蒙理性的捍卫者,又是启蒙理性深刻的批判者,他试图通过对理性自身的批判限制知识的范围,防止无节制的理性反思对一切无条件者和不朽价值的虚无化;同时又从理性的实践应用出发,证明了一个具有内在价值和目的的道德世界的现实性。康德对自然的理性化和祛魅过程的限制及其对自然的合道德性的证成,构成了德国浪漫主义的先声。而早期浪漫主义者正是受康德“哥白尼式的革命”的启发,进一步证明了存在之于意识的优先性,并用诗意原则取代了康德的实践原则,揭示了无条件者的超越性与内在性的统一。

Sticking to the dogmatic understanding of classical German philosophy,many philosophers often tend to cut off the connection between German romanticism and classical German philosophy,treating it as an irrational trend of thought opposite to classical German philosophy,and even denying the philosophical value of German romanticism.However,early romantics like Novalis shared the problem consciousness of Kant's critical philosophy like most other classical German philosophers.Kant's uniqueness lies in that he is both a defender and a profound critic of enlightenment reason.He tries to limit the scope of knowledge by criticizing reason itself and prevent unrestrained rational reflection from nihilising all unconditional and immortal values.At the same time,from the practical application of reason,it proves the reality of a moral world with intrinsic value and purpose.Kant's restriction on the process of rationalization and disenchantment of nature and his justification of the morality of nature constitute the forerunner of German romanticism,and the early romantics were inspired by Kant's Copernican Revolution,which further proved the priority of existence in consciousness,and replaced Kant's practical principle with poetic principle,revealing the unity of transcendence and immanence of unconditional being.