所有权的自由意志奠基——论康德所有权理论的思路及其政治哲学意义

Elucidating Property Justification via Free Will:Kant's Conceptual Framework in Property Theory and Its Significance in Political Philosophy

格劳秀斯与洛克分别是现代所有权理论中的契约-先占理论模式和劳动理论模式的奠基人。康德曾是洛克劳动理论模式的追随者,但是在其成熟时期的法哲学著作中放弃了这一模式,转而采用了一种在表面上与格劳秀斯的契约-先占理论模式十分接近的所有权理论。事实上,康德是在与天赋观念论和经验主义立场的所有权理论的论争中阐发出他的学说的,在前述表面上的“接近”背后,隐藏着一个在自由意志之地基上对所有权理论进行重构的计划。据此,原本与各种后天因素纠缠不清的所有权观念,现在被纯化为先天平等的人际关系。基于这一视角,国家既不是福利的监护机构,也不是为了保障公民劳动果实而不得不存在的恶,而是为了使所有权概念得以落实而必须内在于此概念之中的结构性存在。这一共同体形式要求人们重视公民与国家之间的同一性,以及公共舆论对于这种同一性的形成的意义。因此,康德的理论重构计划为崭新的公民自由和共同体观念提供了坚实的哲学基础。

Grotius and Locke laid the groundwork for modern ownership theories with their contractual-occupancy and labor models,respectively.Kant,once a follower of Locke,shifted gears in his mature works,embracing an ownership theory reminiscent of Grotius'contractual-occupancy model.However,beneath the surface similarities lies Kant's deliberate departure,challenging innate ideas-based and empirical-based ownership theories.Kant aims to reconstruct ownership on the basis of free will,purifying it from the entanglement of contingent factors.In this view,the state isn't just a guardian of citizen welfare or a necessary evil for securing labor fruits;it must be inherently tied to the structural framework of ownership rights.This state form emphasizes civic unity and underscores the significance of public opinion in shaping this unity.Kant's reconstruction provides a philosophical basis for fresh perspectives on civic freedom and community.