现代性进程中人的有限性问题——基于法国现象学的视角

The Problem of Finitude of Man in the Process of Modernity——Based on the Perspective of French Phenomenology

法国现象学家梅洛-庞蒂和利科对笛卡尔《第一哲学沉思集》一段文本的解读涉及现代性进程中人的有限性的提问法。要研究人的主体性,不可能不充分考虑人的有限性。人有其神性、心性和物性。人的有限性反映在三者之间的各种张力中,充分体现了我思与我能、无性与物性的辩证法。有必要清理人的有限性问题从早期现代哲学向后期现代哲学的演变,这同时涉及在前者中康德哲学与笛卡尔哲学之间的同中之异、在后者中利科哲学与梅洛-庞蒂哲学之间的异中之同。笛卡尔哲学承认有限理性但仍然追求无限理性;康德哲学用有限理性取代无限理性;梅洛-庞蒂哲学和利科哲学承认理性与非理性的张力,进而以有限性取代有限理性。尽管利科哲学力主经由解释学的迂回,它始终都围绕梅洛-庞蒂哲学所说的本己身体展开,既克服了早期现代哲学对抽象无限性的追求,又没有像当代哲学那样把有限性等同于偶然性。

Merleau-Ponty and Ricoeur's interpretations of a passage from Descartes'Meditations on First Philosophy involve the problematic of the finitude of man in the process of modernity.It is impossible to study man's subjectivity without taking full account of his finitude.Man has his divinity,spirituality and materiality.His finitude is reflected in the tensions among the three natures,fully embodying the dialectic of I-think and I-can,and that of nothingness and thingness.It is necessary to clarify the evolution of the question of man's finitude from early modern philosophy to late modern philosophy,which involves the differences within the same between the philosophies of Kant and Descartes in the former,and the similarities within the difference between the philosophies of Ricoeur and Merleau-Ponty in the later.Descartes'philosophy recognizes finite reason but still seeks infinite reason,Kant's philosophy replaces infinite reason with finite reason,but Ricoeur and Merleau-Ponty's philosophies recognize the tension between rationality and irrationality and thus replace finite reason with finitude.Despite its hermeneutic detour,Ricoeur's philosophy always centers on what Merleau-Ponty's philosophy calls one's own body,overcoming early modern philosophy's quest for abstract infinity without equating finitude with contingency,as contemporary philosophy does.