尿液中药物与耐药污染及削减技术研究进展

Progresses on characteristics and reduction technologies of drugs and related drug-resistant contamination in urine

尿液回用有助于构建“人体-土壤-植物-人体”之间的可持续物质循环.然而尿液中残留的药物、耐药菌和耐药基因也会随着这一循环在环境中富集并最终回到人体,存在潜在健康风险.本文总结了源分离尿液中的药物及耐药污染特性,研究表明,尿液中已检测出34种药物,平均浓度在0.07~2.7×10^(3)μg/L之间,检出频率在0.7%~100%之间,尿液中已检出的耐药基因有12种.针对此类污染物去除,主要有自然储存法、吸附法、膜分离技术、电化学法、生物方法,其中电化学技术显示出对于尿液中抗生素抗性基因的良好去除效率,最多可去除尿液中4.18log的bla_(KPC),但是应用于实际现场处理时还需要通过设计更合理的电极材料来提高使用寿命、降低能耗.此外,大多削减技术仍处于实验室研究阶段,对已有技术进行优化或使用多种技术联合处理尿液以削减药物及相关耐药性污染是未来研究的重点.

The source-separation aims to separate and utilize urine from domestic wastewater,and therefore to promote a sustainable circle between"human-soil-plant-human".However,pharmaceuticals,antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic-resistant genes in urine will be acculumated along with the circulation,and finally retrun back to human body,leading to potential health risks.This paper summarized pharmaceuticals and antimicrobial resistance contamination in source-separated urine,and it was found that 34 drugs have been detected in urine,with an average concentration ranging from 0.07 to 2.7×10^(3)μg/L and the detection frequencies ranging from 0.7%to 100%.Meanwhile,12 antibiotic-resistant genes were also detected in urine.Natural storage,adsorption,membrane separation,electrochemical,and biological methods were the main techniques for such pollutant emlimation.Among them,the electrochemical process was the most effective approach for reducing antibiotic-resistant genes in urine,enabling the removal of up to 4.18 log,taking blaKPC as an example.However,it is indeed to enhance the service life of electrodes and reduce energy consumption when they are used for field application,and creating reasonable electrode materials may be a challenge.Furthermore,most of the treatment processes were at a laboratory scale,and future research should be focused on optimization of exiting technologirs or developing integrated technologies for antimicrobial resistance control.