从泰西视角看清中后期北京话与官话的关系

On the Relationship Between Beijing Dialect and Mandarin in the Middle and Late Qing Dynasty fromaWestern Perspective

从泰西文献所反映的语音特点上看,清中后期北京话和官话在声韵系统上还存在着明显的差别;从使用人群看,北京话以北京人和政府官员为主,而官话则以受过教育的人群为主;从使用地域看,北京话的分布较为有限,主要是在北京并随着外派到各地任职的官员扩散到政府机关中,而官话则分布较广,散播于长江南北。清中后期出现了很多由西方学者编写的以北京话为学习对象的泰西文献,这更多的是为了因应外国与北京日渐紧密的关系,而未必是北京话取代官话成为通语的标志。不过需要指出的是,北京话在清中后期已经获得了很高的声望,这也为其在民国时期取得国语地位埋下了伏笔。

From the perspective of phonetic characteristics,there are still obvious differences between Beijing dialect and Mandarin in terms of phonological system;From the perspective of users,Beijing dialect is mainly composed of Beijingers and government officials,while Mandarin is mainly composed of educated people;From the perspective of use area,Beijing dialect is relatively limited,mainly in Beijing,and it has spread to government agencies with limited number of officials assigned to other places,while Mandarin is widely distributed in the north and south of the Yangtze River.During this period,a large number of documents written by Western scholars which focused on learning Bejing dialect appeared more in response to the increasingly close relationship between foreign countries and Beijing,rather than the fact that Beijing dialect replaced Mandarin as the symbol of common language.However,it should also be noted that Beijing dialect has gained a high reputation in the middle and late Qing Dynasty,which also foreshadowed the status of national language during the Republic of China.