康德物本身学说的困境及其出路

The Difficulties of Kant’s Doctrine of Things in Themselves and Their Solutions

康德全部哲学的基础在于其物本身学说。按照这个学说,不处于时间和空间结构之中的物本身因果地刺激我们的感觉能力,让我们产生感觉印象进而显象。但是,这样的刺激如何是可能的?此外,时间和空间是个体化原则,不处于时间和空间中的物本身应当只有一个,而非多个,更不可能存在着无穷多个物本身。但是,按照康德的理解,物本身恰恰是无穷多的。因此,康德物本身学说面临着重重困难。叔本华对该学说进行了系统的澄清和批评,认为世界的本源和本质只能是一而非多,而且只能是他所理解的意志,世界中的一切现象均是这样的意志的客体化。但是,叔本华的这个理论也面对着众多的困难,其中最大的困难在于这点:不含任何区分的意志如何能够有所谓盲目的冲动或无穷的欲望?在我看来,世界的本源和本质只能是“至一”——既非多也非一之“一”,而庄子的道恰恰就是这样的至一。

The whole of Kant's(康德)philosophy was based on his doctrine of things in themselves(物本身).According to this doctrine,the things we know are only what things in themselves appear to us,while things in themselves are unknown to us.However,all our knowledge is based on our senses which are affected by things in themselves.But how do things in themselves causally affect our senses beyond time and space?What's more,according to a classical view of individuation,there exists only one thing in itself beyond time and space,while Kant thinks that there exist many and even infinite things in themselves.Schopenhauer(叔本华)criticized Kant's doctrine of things in themselves systematically,putting forth his famous theory of the world as representations and the will.According to this theory,the origin and essence of the world can only be one,and can only be the will in his sense,and all things in the world are objectifications of this will.However,Schopenhauer's theory also faced many difficulties.The most important one of these is how the will without any distinctions has blind urges and endless desires.The origin and essence of the world,according to me,can only be the absolute one(至一),i.e.,the one beyond the distinction of one and many,while Zhuangzi'(庄子)Tao(道),is just the absolute one.