听觉-言语认知负荷下工作记忆容量对跟车行驶影响

Effect of Working Memory Capacity on Vehicle Following Under Auditory and Verbal Cognitive Load

听觉-言语认知负荷作为一种典型的认知负荷,是驾驶人认知分心的主要来源,容易导致驾驶绩效下降,认知负荷对驾驶绩效的影响程度与个体工作记忆有关。为研究听觉-言语认知负荷下工作记忆容量对跟车驾驶绩效的影响,本文开展心理学与模拟驾驶实验。首先,设置不同听觉-言语认知负荷水平的n-back任务,构建车头时距变化和前车速度变化的跟车场景;其次,采集并预处理工作记忆容量、驾驶人操作行为与车辆运行状态数据,选择跟车速度差、绝对加速度、横向稳定性、制动反应时间及跟车间距作为分析指标,获得36名被试数据;最后,采用方差分析及事后比较,分析认知负荷和工作记忆容量在跟车时对驾驶绩效的影响,并探讨两种因素对驾驶绩效的交互和调节作用。研究表明:认知负荷增加导致驾驶人更大的加减速倾向,更长的制动反应时间;工作记忆容量较高的驾驶人具有更小的制动反应时间和更稳定的跟车间距,更频繁的方向修正和更好的车道保持水平;在工作记忆容量和制动反应时间中,听觉-言语认知负荷具有正向调节作用。本文可以为驾驶安全培训干预提供驾驶人认知特性方面的见解和理论参考。

Auditory and verbal cognitive load is the main source of cognitive distraction for drivers,which easily leads to the decline of driving performance.The influence of cognitive load on driving performance is related to working memory.This paper conducted a psychological and simulated driving experiment to investigate the effect of working memory capacity on driving performance of car following under auditory-verbal cognitive load.First,auditory-verbal n-back tasks with different cognitive load levels were defined for the driving scenarios with changes in headway time distance and speed changes of the front vehicle.Then,the data were collected on working memory capacity,driver's operating behaviors and vehicle operating status.The data on 36 drivers were obtained by selecting the following speed difference,absolute acceleration,lateral stability,braking reaction time,and following distance as the analysis indexes.Then,the Analysis of variance(ANOVA)and post hoc comparisons were used to analyze the effects of cognitive load and working memory capacity on driving performance for car following,and to explore their interactive and moderating effects on driving performance.The results showed that increased cognitive load resulted in greater tendency to accelerate and decelerate and longer braking reaction time of drivers.Drivers with higher working memory capacity had smaller braking reaction times and more stable following distance,more frequent directional corrections,and better levels of lane keeping;auditory-verbal cognitive load had a moderating role in working memory capacity and braking reaction times.This study may provide insights into driver cognitive characteristics for driver safety training.