汽车4S店劳动者工作相关肌肉骨骼疾患的工效学危险因素识别与接触风险分析

Identifying ergonomic factors and exposure risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders in the automobile 4S shop

目的探讨汽车4S店劳动者工作相关肌肉骨骼疾患(work-related muscloskeletal disorders,WMSDs)发生的高风险部位及相关工效学危险因素,评价不同工种接触相关工效学危险因素的风险程度,为预防汽车4S店劳动者WMSDs提供科学依据。方法采用随机抽样方法,选择重庆市17家汽车4S店的174名劳动者作为研究对象,应用美国工效学基本因素检查表(BRIEF)、瑞典肌肉紧张因素识别表(PLIBEF)与快速全身评价(REBA)3个量表,对作业姿势、力量、持续时间和动作频率以及17个相关工效学问题进行现场调查、观测和视频录制,评估其风险等级。结果汽车4S店劳动者以手腕部WMSDs发生风险为最高(得分>2),其次为背、手肘部和腿(得分>1.5),不同工种间的左手肘、右手腕、背部与腿部WMSDs发生风险比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。不良工效学因素主要有重复性手部不适姿势与负荷作业,背轻度前屈、侧弯与扭曲,重复和持续性站姿、蹲姿或跪姿等。研究对象需立即改善的行动等级占比达到81%。结论各工种存在WMSDs的高风险部位集中在手腕部、背部、手肘部和腿部等,机修工在下背部、足部、膝和臀部的危险度明显高于其余工种,绝大部分劳动者需改善不良工作姿势,部分工作姿势为极高风险行动等级,需立即采取相关改善措施。

Objective To explore the high-risk sites and related ergonomic risk factors of work-related musculoskeletal disorders(WMSDs)among automobile 4S shop workers and to evaluate the risk degree of exposure to related ergonomic risk factors in different jobs,providing a scientific basis for preventing WMSDs in automobile 4S shop workers.Methods 174 after-sales maintenance workers from 17 auto 4S stores in Chongqing were selected as subjects by random sampling method.The American Ergonomics Basic Factor Checklist(BRIEF),Swedish Muscle Tension Factor Identification(PLIBEF),and rapid whole body assessment(REBA)were applied.On-site investigation,observation and video recording of employees'work posture,strength,duration,movement frequency,and 17 related ergonomic questions,were conducted to assess their risk level.Results The risk of wrist WMSDs was the highest in 4S shop workers(score>2),followed by the back,hands,elbows,and legs(score>1.5),the risks of WMSDs in left elbow,right wrist,back,and leg among different jobs was statistically significant(P<0.05).The main adverse ergonomic factors were repetitive hand discomfort postures and load work,mild forward bending,lateral bending and twisting of the back,and repeated and persistent standing,squatting,or kneeling positions.The number of action levels requiring immediate improvement reached 81%.Conclusion The high-risk parts of WMSDs in each type of work are concentrated in the wrist,back,elbows,and legs.The risks of the lower back,foot,knee,and hip of the mechanics are significantly higher than those of other types of work.Most workers need to improve their bad working postures,and some are at a very high-risk action level.Relevant improvement measures should be taken immediately.