重遇美国 后殖民主义批判与林京子的“弄堂”叙述

Re-encountering America:Hayashi Kyōko's Narratives of the Alley-Community and Postcolonial Criticism

以原子弹爆炸体裁文学登上文坛的日本战后作家林京子从二十世纪七十年代中期开始,在长达40余年的写作生涯中,发表过许多以幼年在上海虹口租界生活经历为蓝本的作品。这些作品中构建起来的、被她称作“路地”的弄堂空间随着政治、历史环境的变化和作者本人生活轨迹的改变,也在不断发生着变化,其最初借由幼童视角刻画出的“女性乌托邦”式的想象空间,最终被还原到了一个具有殖民属性的空间,笔者认为其转折的关键是发生在林京子生活在美国的三年(1985-1988)期间。本文首先对虹口租界的历史进行了考察,指出了二十世纪初至战前美国在虹口的势力及其在林京子幼年生活中可能存在的影响。以此为背景深入分析对比了林京子在1980年代初期之前及中晚期之后发表的不同文本,阐述了她是如何以美国、尤其是前殖民城市新奥尔良为镜像,对自己幼时生活过的虹口弄堂这一文学空间进行重新想象和构建的。在此过程中“,上海”这一原本被设定为个人体验的场域与新奥尔良的殖民史乃至驻日盟军的占领史产生了共鸣和连结,这也可以被理解为是林京子为了将虹口弄堂带出中日关系的二元论,在二战史和冷战史中还原为人类的普遍经验所作出的努力。

In her over 40-year writing career that began in the mid-1970s,postwar Japanese writer Hayashi Kyōko(1930-2017)made her literary debut in the genre of"atomic bombing literature"and published several works based on her childhood experiences in the Hongkou Concession of Shanghai.The alley space she referred to as the"roji",which she developed in these narratives,evolved with changes in the political and historical world,and in the writer's personal life.This"feminotopia",initially depicted from a young child's perspective,eventually transformed into a colonial space.This article posits that a pivotal transformation occurred during the three years(1985-1988)that Kyōko spent in the United States.Beginning with a reexamination of the history of the Hongkou Concession,the paper highlights the influence of the United States in Hongkou from the early twentieth century to the pre-war era and its potential impact on Hayashi's early childhood.Against this backdrop,various texts published by Hayashi before the early 1980s and after the mid-to late-1980s are compared and analyzed in order to examine how she reimagines and reconstructs the literary space of the Hongkou alley-community,where she lived as a child,drawing parallels with the United States,particularly the former colonial city of New Orleans.This process interweaves the space of"Shanghai",initially rooted in personal experience,with the colonial history of New Orleans and even the Allied Forces'occupation history in Japan.This can be interpreted as Hayashi's endeavor to transcend the Sino-Japanese dualism and position the Hongkou alley-community as a universal human experience in the context of the Second World War and the Cold War.